Content

1. Testing Methodology---------Cause and Effect diagram He, Ya-Juan Xu, Ling-Zhi

2. Content • The principle of Cause Effect Diagram Techniques • the steps of using cause and effect diagram generate test case • The Basic symbols of Cause and Effect Diagram • The Constraints Relationship of Cause and Effect Diagram

3. Cause and effect diagram • Using cause and effect diagram design test cases is an important way based on requirement test. • Consider the combination and restraint of various types of input value. • While a module have many input and output values or exist various combinations, using cause and effect diagram is a very effective test. • In the development process of cause and effect diagram can further help to re-discover the ambiguity and inconsistency of the software requirements.

4. the steps of using cause and effect diagram generate test case • Analysis program specification describes and find cause and effect. • Analysis semantic content of program specification describes and express as a cause effect diagram which connect various causes and effects. • Mark the constraints conditions on cause and effect diagram.

5. the steps of using cause and effect diagram generate test case • Mark the constraints conditions on cause and effect diagram. • Transform the cause and effect diagram to Decision table.

6. c1 e1 The Basic symbols of Cause and Effect Diagram c1 e1 Equal: If cause is true, that the result must be true. Wrong(error): Only cause is false, the result is true

7. c1 e1 c2 c3 The Basic symbols of Cause and Effect Diagram Or: In many cause, the cause greater than or equal one is true, the result is true

8. c1 e1 c2 The Basic symbols of Cause and Effect Diagram And: when two causes are true, the result is true.

9. The Constraints Relationship of Cause and Effect Diagram Exclusive Constraint Contains Constraint Necessity Constraint Unique Constraint Result Constraint

10. Exclusive Constraint • Each cause cannot be true at the same time but can be false. Eg: It is impossible that Xiao-Ming belongs to class A and class B at the same time. But it is possible that Xiao-Ming belongs Neither class A nor Class B. A E B

11. Contains Constraint • There will exist a cause be true, all causes can be true at the same time but cannot be false at the same time. • Eg: When the alipay payment pay money,  there is input conditions (only reason) that is the balance of payments, online banking payment. the buyer can select balance of payments only or online banking to pay only. You can also choose two ways to pay. But can not choose not to pay. A B I C

12. Necessity Constraint • When cause A is True cause B must be true, but when cause B is true cause A may be false. Eg: The current policy list below: The user must have passed the authentication from Alipay, if he applied for the Digital Certificate.Otherwise, the user may haven't applied for the Digtal Certificate though he has passed the authentication from Alipay. R A B

13. Unique Constraint • either cause A is true or cause B is true. • Eg: Human's sex has two situations, one is male, the other is female. there is no person who's sex is neither male nor female A O B

14. Result Constraint • when the effect B is true effect A must be false, but when B is false A is either true of false. • Eg: Firstly, two results are given, (a) Safety controls to run properly (b)cannot enter the login password, If you can not enter the login password, you can determine the security controls cannot run properly, Conversely, if you can enter the login password, you cannot determine the security controls must be working properly, it may be accessed by the Firefox browser's alipay. M A B

15. Using cause-effect graphing design the test case1 [Requirement]: A file has two rows, first row MUST include by character “A” or “B”, second row MUST include characters from “0”-“9”. A program allow user modify the files. If modification of first row is wrong, program give error prompt “L” and if second row is wrong, program give error prompt “M”.

16. “Cause” and ”Effect” analysis “Cause” analysis: 1:The first row input “A” 2:The first row input “B” 3:The second row input an integer between 0 and 9

17. “Cause” and ”Effect” analysis • “Effect” analysis: • 21:Error message---”L” • 22:Error message—”M” • 23:Correct

18. Cause and Effect diagram

19. Transform the cause and effect diagram to Decision table.

20. Using cause-effect graphing design the test case 2 • [Requirement]: A web-based company is selling computers, printers, monitors and additional memory. The GUI consists of four windows for displaying selections from CPU, Printer, Monitor and RAM and one window where any free giveaway items are displayed. Sample configurations and contents of the “Free” window are give below:

21. “Cause” and ”Effect” analysis “Cause” analysis: 1------CPU1 2------CPU2 3------CPU3 4------PR1 5------PR2 6------M20 7------M23 8------M30 “Effect” analysis: 21-----“Free”RAM 256 ；“Price ”$499 22-----“Free”RAM 256 ；“Price ”$628 23-----“Free”PR1，RAM 512； “Price ”$2257 24-----“Free”PR2，RAM 1G ；“ Price ”$3548

22. Cause and Effect diagram

23. Transform the cause and effect diagram to Decision table.

24. Transform the cause and effect diagram to Decision table

25. Transform the cause and effect diagram to Decision table