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Gene Doping in Sport.

Gene Doping in Sport. PALACKÝ UNIVERSITY OLOMOUC ALGABA RUZ, DAVID PALOMO ROMÁN, ALBERTO. INDEX. 1. INTRODUCTION. 2. GENE DOPING. 3. HOW IS THE ARTIFICIAL GENE INTRODUCED. 4. POSSIBILITY OF DETECTING GENE DOPING. 5. RISKS OF GENE DOPING. 6. WORLD ANTI-DOPING AGENCY WARNING.

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Gene Doping in Sport.

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  1. Gene Doping in Sport. PALACKÝ UNIVERSITY OLOMOUC ALGABA RUZ, DAVID PALOMO ROMÁN, ALBERTO

  2. INDEX 1. INTRODUCTION. 2. GENE DOPING. 3. HOW IS THE ARTIFICIAL GENE INTRODUCED. 4. POSSIBILITY OF DETECTING GENE DOPING. 5. RISKS OF GENE DOPING. 6. WORLD ANTI-DOPING AGENCY WARNING. 7. CONCLUSIONS.

  3. 1 . Introduction . • Competition, contests and the psychology of winning and being superior to competitors have been widespread behaviors throughout the history humankind. In addition to gaining acceptance in primitive societies, winning and being superior provides gains with regard to economical and social status in modern societies. In the course of time, These gains have caused athletes to misuse some methods and drugs. • Doping is defined as using forbidden substances or methods in order to increase physical and/ or mental performance.

  4. 1 . Introduction • The prohibition of doping should be assessed in two aspects: • Ethical Aspects. All athletes should participate in the competitions which reward and compare the ability, training of the athletes under equal conditions. • Medical Aspects. These substances may cause severe adverse effects and in some cases even irreversible damage in the short or long term. • The International Olympic Committee. (IOC) • World Anti-Doping Agency. (WADA) • International Sports Federations. (ISP)

  5. 2. Gene Doping. • The definition of “gene doping” is the non-therapeutic use of genes, genetic elements and/or cells that have the capacity to enhance athletic performance. • Scherling has expressed that gene doping is the biggest threat in athletics. Gene doping contains the insertions of artificial genes in patients. The artificial gene produces an appropriate RNA which synthesizes protein. • Although gene therapies are developed for the treatment of disease, it´s very likely that gene therapy can increase performance if used by healthy athletes.

  6. 2. Gene Doping. • Presently, numerous genes are being studied with regard to gene therapy. These genes will find an application area when their effects on different treatments have been shown. Many of these gene therapies will contain the potential for gene doping. • The artificial gene is introduced by: • Direct injection of DNA into the muscle. • Insertion of genetically modified cells. • Introduction utilizing a virus.

  7. 3.How is the Artificial Gene Introduced? • Some of the genes used to performance enhancing are: • Gene for Erythropoietin. • The Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 Gene. • The gene for Myostatin. • The vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Gene.

  8. 4.Possibility of Detecting Gene Doping Detection of blood doping in sportshavefailedbecause of theneedfor new analyticalmethods in the doping laboratory. Haemoglobin and haematocritvalueschangeduringthecompetitionseason and accordingtothetype of exercise. Subject-specifichaematologicalchanges can bedeterminatedsequentiallyto define referenceranges Thehaematolgicalpassportshouldbeusedwithin a global strategy

  9. 5. Risks of Gene Doping Theaspects of gene therapythat causes themostconcernistheknow and unknowhealthrisks More importants Heartattack and paralysis Tearor fractures in themuscles. Scientistsemphasisethatitisnotthefew detectable risksthat are themostdangerousaspects of gene therapy, buttherisksthat are totallyunknown

  10. 6. World Anti-Doping Agency Warning Ifthereis a new drugoutthere, someathletes and coaches are goingto abuse it. Thebestwaytoprevent gene doping is a combination of regulation, eduaction and research March 2002: Conferencewithexpert: scientists, athletes, technicians, policy… Consensus: “Gene therapy has enormouspotentialtorevolutionisemedicine´sapproachtocuringdisease and improvingthequality of life. Unfurtunately, thissametechnology can beabusedtoenhanceperfomance”

  11. 6. World Anti-Doping Agency Warning General warnings Sport-specificswarnings • Gene therapycontainspotentialformisusewithregardtoenhacement of atheleticperfomance. • In ordertopreventmisuse, collectiveeffort of relevantinstitutions and peopleisnecessary. • Ethicalregulationsshoildberespeted • Athleteshaverighttobenefitfrom gene therapy. • WADA shouldhavesanctionsfor gene doping • Gene therapyusedforenhancement of perfomanceshouldbeprohibited.

  12. 7. Conclusions • Scientists around the world are searching for ways to use the information gained from the Human Genome Project. • Gene therapies are designed to alter damaged or diseased genes and athletes will some day try to abuse these therapies to enhance their performance. • Use of non-therapeutic gene transfer technologies solely for enhancement of performance contains many risks regarding the health of athletes. • Governments and sports organisations should begin to work appropriate policies regarding the use of gene therapies by healthy athletes in order to increase their performance

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