Space Transportation

1. Space Transportation

2. Space Exploration • Space transportation is the use of rockets and orbiting vehicles to explore the regions beyond the limits of the atmosphere. • Space exploration is thequest to use space travel to discover the nature of the universe beyond Earth (MSN Encarta).

3. Space Terms • Astronaut is acrew member on piloted spaceflights. The term astronaut comes from the Latin words astrum (“star”) and nauta (“mariner”). • Launch vehicles are made up of rocket engines that provide the power to lift the spacecraft from the earth. • The spacecraft carries the crew, equipment, and payload of the space vehicle. • Space probes are research vehicles that are sent out to explore space. • Satellites are unmanned spacecraft that are designed to orbit the earth. • A space station is a large earth satellite in which people live and work. • EVA is an extravehicular activity (spacewalks).

4. Pioneers • Konstantin Tsiolkovsky – (a Russian teacher) developed theories related to using multi-staged liquid fuel rockets as a means of overcoming the Earth’s gravitational pull. He first • worked out the principles of rocketry and space • flight in the 1880's. • Robert Goddard – (an American professor) launched the world’s first liquid fueled rocket in 1926 demonstrating how rockets could be used to carry • scientific instruments into space. • Herman Oberth – (a German Experimentalist) developed the German space/rocket program between WWI and WWII.

5. Socrates 500 B.C. “Man must rise above the earth – to the top of the atmosphere and beyond – for only thus will he fully understand the world in which he lives.”

6. A Quote… Konstantin Tsiolkovsky: "Earth is the cradle of humanity, but one cannot live in the cradle forever."

7. Dr. Robert H. Goddard Dr. Robert Goddard shown with his first liquid fuel rocket which he launched at Auburn, MA, March 16, 1926.

8. Rocketry History 1000 B.C. -- Historians believe that armies began hurling combustible weapons toward one another. 360 B.C. -- Reaction principle (Future Newton’s Laws) was first demonstrated by a Greek named Archytas. 200 B.C. -- It is believed that the Chinese mastered the mixing and use of gunpowder. 600 A.D. -- It is believed that the Chinese had adapted the use of gunpowder from firecrackers to fireworks. 994 A.D. -- The Chinese used fire arrows in battle. 1379 -- An Italian named Muratori used the word "rochetta" when he described types of gunpowder propelled fire arrows used in medieval times. 1680 -- Peter the Great established the first rocket factory in Russia. 1687 -- When Sir Isaac Newton published "Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica" (Mathematical Principles Of Natural Philosophy) which detailed what became known as the "Universal Laws Of Motion".

9. Rocketry History 1818 -- The British created and maintained an official British Army Rocket Brigade. 1862 -- Confederate forces under the command of Jeb Stuart fired rockets at Union troops during the Battle of Harrison's Landing. 1881 -- Russian Nikolai Kibalchich is believed to have designed the first rocket propelled aircraft. 1883 -- Tsiolkovsky demonstrated the reaction principle through experimenting with opening a cask filled with compressed gas. 1902 -- While a student at South High School in Worcester, Goddard submitted an article entitled "The Navigation Of Space" to "Popular Science News". 1914 -- Goddard received patents for now common rocket components like combustion chambers, exhaust nozzles, propellant feed systems and multi-stage rockets. 1935 – Tsiolkovsky’s book "Na Lune" (On The Moon) was published.

10. Moving toward Space 1957 - Soviet Union Launches Sputnik I -- the first artificial Earth satellite. 1958 -- NASA was formed to assure that the peaceful exploration of space by the U.S. would be conducted by a civilian, not military, organization. 1958 -- First U.S. satellite – Explorer I. 1961 – April 12th -- Russian Cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin, aboard the Vostok 1 capsule, completed one Earth orbit at a maximum altitude of 203 miles. 1961 – May 5th -- Alan Shepard became the first American astronaut in space (suborbital). 1962 – February 20th – John Glenn became the first American to orbit Earth. 1963 – Valentina Tereshkova aSoviet cosmonaut became the first woman to fly in space. 1965 – Edward White became the first U.S. astronaut to perform a spacewalk 1968 -- Apollo 8 successfully marked the world's first manned flight to and manned orbit of the Moon. 1969 – July 20th – Neil Armstrong is the first person to walk on the moon. 1973 – Skylab, the first space laboratory was launched and placed into orbit around the Earth.

11. …and Beyond 1981 – April 12th – 1st Space Shuttle launch. 1983 -- Sally K. Ride became the first American woman in space. 1983 -- Guion S. Bluford became the first African-American in space. 1986 – Space Shuttle Challenger explodes. 1986 – Mir core module launched. 1990 -- The Hubble Space Telescope was launched. 1997 – July 4th -- Mars Pathfinder Landing. 1998 -- The first section of the International Space Station to be lifted to space was Russia's Zarya Control Module. It was launched atop a Russian Proton rocket from Kazahkstan and renamed Zarya, which means "sunrise" in Russian. 1998 -- First Space Shuttle mission dedicated to assembly of the International Space Station (ISS). 2001 – Over 100 Space Shuttle missions have been flown. 2008 – International Space Station plans to be completed.

12. A Look at History A Vostok capsule took Yuri Gagarin into space for his historic flight in 1961. Sputnik I

13. A Look at History Alan Shepard lies in his Mercury capsule before his 1961 flight. Astronaut Edward White performs the first American Spacewalk during Gemini 4 on June 3, 1965.

14. The Moon On July 20, 1969, an estimated 600 million people, or one-fifth of the world's population at the time, watched or listened as Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin became the first people to walk on the moon. Apollo 11 The United States flag was set upon the moon along with a plaque that stated, "Here Men From Planet Earth First Set Foot Upon the Moon July 1969 A.D.  We Came In Peace For All Mankind." http://www.nasm.edu/apollo/AS11/ -- For More Pictures and Info

15. History Skylab -- 1973

16. Shuttle Launch First Columbia launch (STS-1) April 12, 1981 http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/spacenews/factsheets/pdfs/21stCenturyShuttle.pdf -- Fact Sheet on the Space Shuttle

17. Mars Missions Pathfinder -- 1997 http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/ -- Mars Exploration Program

18. A Look Ahead The International Space Station will provide an orbital laboratory for long-term research, where one of the fundamental forces of nature — gravity — is greatly reduced. In addition, world class research in biology, chemistry, physics, ecology and medicine can be conducted using the most modern tools available. International Space Station http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/station/ -- For More on the ISS

19. Atmosphere • Atmosphere, mixture of gases surrounding any celestial object that has a gravitational field strong enough to prevent the gases from escaping; especially the gaseous envelope of Earth. The principal constituents of the atmosphere of Earth are nitrogen (78%), oxygen (21%), and other gases (1%). (MSN Encarta) • The atmosphere provides various functions, not of least the ability to sustain life. The atmosphere protects us by filtering out deadly cosmic rays, powerful ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the Sun, and even meteorites on collision course with Earth.

20. Atmospheric Regions • Troposphere • Up to about 6 Miles – most clouds appear here. Weather occurs in this layer. • Stratosphere • About 7 to 22 miles – absence of water vapor and clouds. Many jet aircrafts fly in this layer – very stable – beginning of ozone layer. • Mesosphere • About 23 to 50 miles – ozone layer. • Thermosphere • About 50 to 300 miles – intense electrical activity – satellites orbit here – Space Shuttle orbits. • Exosphere • About up to 1000 miles.

21. Space Environment and Design • Space travel needs to be designed for extremes. • Temperature • Radiation • Vacuum • Weightlessness

22. Newton’s Laws of Motion • An object at rest tends to stay at rest and an object in motion tends to stay in motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force. This tendency to resist changes in their state of motion is described as inertia. • The acceleration of an object as produced by a net force is directly proportional to the magnitude of the net force, in the same direction as the net force, and inversely proportional to the mass of the object. • To every action there is always an equal and opposite reaction; or, the mutual actions of two bodies upon each other are always equal, and act in opposite directions. • Go tohttp://www.phschool.com/atschool/science_explorer/Motion/Student_Area/SE_M_SC2_ACT_index.html -- Newton’s Laws Explained

23. Fuel Systems • Liquid Fuel - Uses a type of liquid fuel (propellant) mixed with an oxidizer (oxygen for burning). These engines have a variable thrust, intermittent combustion and are reusable. • Solid Fuel - Uses a fuel and oxidizer in a solid, powdery or rubbery mixture known as grain or charge. Once a solid fuel is ignited it burns completely. Thrust and combustion cannot be controlled after ignition.

24. Orbit • Orbit (astronomy and physics), path or trajectory of a body through space. A force of attraction or repulsion from a second body usually causes the path to be curved. When a satellite traces out an orbit about the center of the earth, its most distant point is called the apogee and its closest point the perigee. (MSN Encarta) Perigee Earth Apogee

25. Modes • Unmanned • Satellites – communications, weather, military, navigation, scientific study. • Probes • Lunar – to the surface of the moon. • Planetary – to other planets. • Deep space – outer planets and beyond. • Sounding Rockets – used to measure temp., take photos, record data. • Manned • Space shuttle • Manned maneuvering unit – jet pack

26. Special Conditions • Acceleration • Atmospheric pressures • Vibrations • Temperature changes • Micrometeoroid Impacts • Solar and cosmic radiation • Shocks of deceleration and pressure changes on landing • Air friction

27. NASA • National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), agency of the United States government responsible for developing space exploration and research initiatives, as well as coordinating various communications-related projects. NASA also administers the space shuttle program and a variety of other endeavors, which include improving the performance of airplanes and rockets (aeronautics), conducting scientific experiments in space, improving data-tracking technology, increasing international alliances for space activities, and establishing partnerships between private companies and government agencies in the aeronautics industry. (MSN Encarta)

28. Web Sites • http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/ -- NASA • http://starchild.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/StarChild/whos_who_level2/armstrong.html -- video of Armstrong on the Moon • http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/heasarc/videos/historical.html -- Historical Videos • http://www.solarviews.com/eng/history.htm -- Space History