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S-adenosylmethionine • Important methyl-donating coenzyme • Can also donate methylene groups, amino groups, ribosyl groups and aminopropyl groups • Reactivity based on electrophilic nature of atoms surrounding S+ • Tetrahydrofolate is another important methyl carrier • Also important in initiating reractions by extracting H (i.e. H∙) via 5’deoxyadenosyl radical • Important but not well understood class of enzymes – “Radical SAM” enzymes • These reactions remind me very much of Vitamin B12-dependent reactions (which are usually rearrangements) • Include ribonucleotide reductase • Bioinformatics (based in part on C-X-X-X-C-X-X-C motif of unusual 3 Cys-liganded 4Fe4S center) indicates there are liekly hundreds of these proteins • Low levels of folate can result in low levels of SAM (or SAMe) since folate is required for homocysteine methionine • Not found in dietary sources (due to instability, I’m pretty sure?), easily synthesized in us (when healthy)
SAM or SAMe SAH
Clinical uses have included: • Antidepressant (mechanism unknown) • Treatment of neurological disorders (“ “) • Antiosteoarthritis (“ “) • Fibromyalgia (“ “) • Treatment of liver disease • Liver disease results in increase in blood methionine, less SAMe (etiology unknown), low levels of glutathione • MAT enzyme seems to be involved (methionine adenosyl transferase, see overview) • Parenteral and oral SAMe administration results in increased glutathione levels (and decreased methionine levels (?)
The main parts of the “SAMe cycle” Folate-dependent
Vitamin B12 • R = -CH3 (methylcobalamin) –CN (cyanocobalamin, stable vitamin form), -Ad (adenosylcobalamin, active coenzyme) • Catalyzes rearrangements • One example: methylmalonyl CoA mutase, which is important in breakdown of isoleucine, methionine, threonine, and valine as well as odd-chain fatty acids and cholesterol