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Logical fallacies and 4 common modes of writing

Logical fallacies and 4 common modes of writing. American Literature EOCT Review. Logical fallacies are…. Illogical arguments Used to persuade listeners/consumers to feel a certain way or do something Comprised of over exaggerations, scare tactics, and/or emotional appeals

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Logical fallacies and 4 common modes of writing

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  1. Logical fallacies and 4 common modes of writing American Literature EOCT Review

  2. Logical fallacies are… • Illogical arguments • Used to persuade listeners/consumers to feel a certain way or do something • Comprised of over exaggerations, scare tactics, and/or emotional appeals • A way advertisers can try to manipulate consumers

  3. What is a logical fallacy? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ytWGiOuzpe4

  4. Why should we know about them? • They are EVERYWHERE: in tv and radio commercials, print ads, television shows, movies, political speeches and ads • They have been used for centuries: everything from speeches in Julius Caesar to ads from the 1800’s to commercials today • We can avoid logical fallacies in our own writing and detect them in the writing of others • Knowledge of logical fallacies empowers us to be educated consumers in society.

  5. Faulty reasoning • Circular reasoning: Trying to prove a statement by repeating it in different words • “Antibiotics are being overused because people take them too often.” • Cause-and-effect fallacy: Falsely assuming that because one event follows another, the first event caused the second: • “If we don’t make laws limiting tattoos, there will be more and more gang members.

  6. Faulty reasoning • Either-or fallacy: Stating that there are only two alternatives when there are many • “If we don’t set limits on prescribing antibiotics, we will face worldwide epidemics caused by untreatable supermicrobes.” • Bandwagon: Everyone else is doing it so why not you? • “Millions of people have switched to [insert brand name here].”

  7. Types of logical fallacies • Testimonial: Using a “true” story to convince the reader. • “If it could happen to me…” • Card stacking: Only positive information is presented, without any contradictory or negative information. • Nicotine has been shown to lower incidences of Alzheimer’s disease, can boost the growth of new blood vessels, and may even reduce depression.

  8. Faulty reasoning • Stereotyping: creates a simplified picture of a complex situation, individual, or group. • Rhetorical questions: Asks questions for which no answer is needed, to try to force the reader/listener to agree. • “Are you tired of trash bags that rip and tear?”

  9. Examples • Cause-and-effect http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=owGykVbfgUE&feature=relmfu

  10. Examples • Either/or, bandwagon http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r2y_GwKzxck • Bandwagon* http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jvCTaccEkMI http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=02vku-6fZWQ

  11. Examples • Cause-effect http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ge8aZqgxV7Q&NR=1 • Testimonial, beautiful people http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MLPltgIhZrI http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZZ1_CQD1jS8

  12. Examples • Card stacking http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xiWTcVHdSFo http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tl22YOOCreE Stereotyping http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XCA_d5qEF1k http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L72rATeYN98

  13. Examples • Rhetorical questions http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xXHUdvvHTkw http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Ide9dgoZkk

  14. Four common types of writing • Narration: tells a story (fiction or nonfiction), usually has a plot, climax, and resolution • Descriptive: describes a person, place, or setting • Persuasion: attempts to influence the readers thoughts (here’s where logical fallacies come in) • Exposition: explains something (like an encyclopedia article)

  15. EOCT day 2? Types of Writing • Descriptive • Expository • Narrative • Persuasive

  16. Be descriptive! Descriptive writings have a text which describes traits and characteristics of people, objects, events, feelings etc. in intricate detail. Whatever is being described will be thoroughly examined. For example, if you were describing roses, you would explain: -Where they come from -What they look like -What colors they are -How they grow and smell. . . etc.

  17. Exposition = explanation Expository essays can compare, explore and discuss problems, or tell a story. An exposition essay gives information about various topics to the reader. It: -Informs -Describes -Explains *may explain different views on a subject or a complex situation & breaks it down

  18. Persuasive/ Argumentative In an argumentative essay the writer is trying to convince the reader by demonstrating the truth or falsity of a topic. The writer's opintion will be backed up with certain kinds of evidence (statistics, expert opinions, other data etc.) -Either pro/against something but not just an opinion--It's backed up with PROOF!

  19. Narrative: Let me tell you a story. . . -Narration is telling a story from a certain POV, and there is usually a reason for telling it. -There's always a setting, characters, a climax, and a plot. -They're usually told chronologically, but sometimes writers employ flashbacks or flash forwards. *sensory details *written in 1st or 3rd person

  20. Por ejemplo. . . Sample excerpts of writings. . . Document: https://docs.google.com/a/mail.fcboe.org/document/d/1QrchEfQiR4LDKR_Rns1D-ZfUGOKb_kISqf5zdJntLnc/edit

  21. Language/Vocabulary • Idioms- Phrases or expressions peculiar to a particular language Example: "You look like the cat who swallowed the canary." Meaning?

  22. Language/Vocabulary • Cognates-words that have the same origin or are related in some way to words in other languages. Examples: • noche • notte • nuit *Bring prior knowledge to the table!*

  23. Breaking words down. . . • prefixes: anti-, counter-, pre- etc.) • suffixes: ment = condition of (arguMENT), less= without, (endLESS) • roots • ami = love , aqua = water • anthrop = human

  24. notes on conventions A gerund phrase combines a gerund with the object of the gerund or other modifiers. A gerund is a verb used as a noun, with an -ing ending. Examples: ___________ is fun. ____________ is difficult.

  25. Notes on conventions • In these sentences, fishing,and hiking look like verbs, but they are not verbs. They are nouns. When a noun looks like a verb with -ing, it is called a gerund.

  26. Notes on Conventions. • An infinitive phrase includes an infinitive and any modifiers or complements. An infinitive is always a verb with to in front of it. The phrase can serve as a noun, an adj., or and adverb. • To sleep, • To live, • To love, • To learn, • To laugh, ETC.

  27. Sentence Structure • Compound sentence: I am left-handed; my brother is right-handed. • Comma splice: "I am left-handed, my brother is right-handed." • Semi-colon- "I am left-handed; my brother is right-handed."

  28. Primary vs. Secondary sources • Primary sources-record of events by people who participated in or witnessed an events Examples? • Secondary sources- records of events by people who did not participate Examples?

  29. Formal vs. informal language informal: "Hey, give me an apple, dude!" Formal: "May I please have an apple, ma'am?"

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