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NoHype : Virtualized Cloud Infrastructure without the Virtualization

NoHype : Virtualized Cloud Infrastructure without the Virtualization. Eric Keller , Jakub Szefer , Jennifer Rexford, Ruby Lee. Princeton University. IBM Cloud Computing Student Workshop (ISCA 2010 + Ongoing work). Virtualized Cloud Infrastructure.

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NoHype : Virtualized Cloud Infrastructure without the Virtualization

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  1. NoHype: Virtualized Cloud Infrastructure without the Virtualization Eric Keller, JakubSzefer, Jennifer Rexford, Ruby Lee Princeton University IBM Cloud Computing Student Workshop (ISCA 2010 + Ongoing work)

  2. Virtualized Cloud Infrastructure • Run virtual machines on a hosted infrastructure • Benefits… • Economies of scale • Dynamically scale (pay for what you use)

  3. Without the Virtualization • Virtualization used to share servers • Software layer running under each virtual machine Guest VM1 Guest VM2 Apps Apps OS OS Hypervisor servers Physical Hardware

  4. Without the Virtualization • Virtualization used to share servers • Software layer running under each virtual machine • Malicious software can run on the same server • Attack hypervisor • Access/Obstruct other VMs Guest VM1 Guest VM2 Apps Apps OS OS Hypervisor servers Physical Hardware

  5. Are these vulnerabilities imagined? • No headlines… doesn’t mean it’s not real • Not enticing enough to hackers yet?(small market size, lack of confidential data) • Virtualization layer huge and growing • 100 Thousand lines of code in hypervisor • 1 Million lines in privileged virtual machine • Derived from existing operating systems • Which have security holes

  6. NoHype • NoHype removes the hypervisor • There’s nothing to attack • Complete systems solution • Still retains the needs of a virtualized cloud infrastructure Guest VM1 Guest VM2 Apps Apps OS OS No hypervisor Physical Hardware

  7. Virtualization in the Cloud • Why does a cloud infrastructure use virtualization? • To support dynamically starting/stopping VMs • To allow servers to be shared (multi-tenancy) • Do not need full power of modern hypervisors • Emulating diverse (potentially older) hardware • Maximizing server consolidation

  8. Roles of the Hypervisor • Isolating/Emulating resources • CPU: Scheduling virtual machines • Memory: Managing memory • I/O: Emulating I/O devices • Networking • Managing virtual machines Push to HW / Pre-allocation Remove Push to side NoHype has a double meaning… “no hype”

  9. Today Scheduling Virtual Machines • Scheduler called each time hypervisor runs(periodically, I/O events, etc.) • Chooses what to run next on given core • Balances load across cores VMs switch timer switch I/O timer switch hypervisor time

  10. NoHype Dedicate a core to a single VM • Ride the multi-core trend • 1 core on 128-core device is ~0.8% of the processor • Cloud computing is pay-per-use • During high demand, spawn more VMs • During low demand, kill some VMs • Customer maximizing each VMs work, which minimizes opportunity for over-subscription

  11. Today Managing Memory • Goal: system-wide optimal usage • i.e., maximize server consolidation • Hypervisor controls allocation of physical memory

  12. NoHype Pre-allocate Memory • In cloud computing: charged per unit • e.g., VM with 2GB memory • Pre-allocate a fixed amount of memory • Memory is fixed and guaranteed • Guest VM manages its own physical memory(deciding what pages to swap to disk) • Processor support for enforcing: • allocation and bus utilization

  13. Today Emulate I/O Devices • Guest sees virtual devices • Access to a device’s memory range traps to hypervisor • Hypervisor handles interrupts • Privileged VM emulates devices and performs I/O Guest VM1 Guest VM2 Priv. VM Device Emulation Apps Apps Real Drivers OS OS trap trap hypercall Hypervisor Physical Hardware

  14. Today Emulate I/O Devices • Guest sees virtual devices • Access to a device’s memory range traps to hypervisor • Hypervisor handles interrupts • Privileged VM emulates devices and performs I/O Guest VM1 Guest VM2 Priv. VM Device Emulation Apps Apps Real Drivers OS OS trap trap hypercall Hypervisor Physical Hardware

  15. NoHype Dedicate Devices to a VM • In cloud computing, only networking and storage • Static memory partitioning for enforcing access • Processor (for to device), IOMMU (for from device) Guest VM1 Guest VM2 Apps Apps OS OS Physical Hardware

  16. NoHype Virtualize the Devices • Per-VM physical device doesn’t scale • Multiple queues on device • Multiple memory ranges mapping to different queues Network Card Classify MAC/PHY Processor Chipset Peripheral bus MUX Memory

  17. Today Networking • Ethernet switches connect servers server server

  18. Today Networking (in virtualized server) • Software Ethernet switches connect VMs Virtual server Virtual server Software Virtual switch

  19. Today Networking (in virtualized server) • Software Ethernet switches connect VMs Guest VM2 Guest VM1 Apps Apps OS OS Hypervisor hypervisor

  20. Today Networking (in virtualized server) • Software Ethernet switches connect VMs Guest VM2 Guest VM1 Priv. VM Apps Apps Software Switch OS OS Hypervisor

  21. NoHype Do Networking in the Network • Co-located VMs communicate through software • Performance penalty for not co-located VMs • Special case in cloud computing • Artifact of going through hypervisor anyway • Instead: utilize hardware switches in the network • Modification to support hairpin turnaround

  22. Removing the Hypervisor Summary • Scheduling virtual machines • One VM per core • Managing memory • Pre-allocate memory with processor support • Emulating I/O devices • Direct access to virtualized devices • Networking • Utilize hardware Ethernet switches • Managing virtual machines • Decouple the management from operation

  23. NoHype Double Meaning • Means no hypervisor, also means “no hype” • Multi-core processors • Extended Page Tables • SR-IOV and Directed I/O (VT-d) • Virtual Ethernet Port Aggregator (VEPA)

  24. NoHype Double Meaning • Means no hypervisor, also means “no hype” • Multi-core processors • Extended Page Tables • SR-IOV and Directed I/O (VT-d) • Virtual Ethernet Port Aggregator (VEPA) Current Work: Implement it on today’s HW

  25. Xen as a Starting Point • Management tools • Pre-allocate resources • i.e., configure virtualized hardware • Launch VM Guest VM1 Priv. VM xm Xen Pre fill EPT mapping to partition memory core core

  26. Network Boot • gPXE in Hvmloader • Added support for igbvf (Intel 82576) • Allows us to remove disk • Which are not virtualized yet Guest VM1 Priv. VM DHCP/ gPXE servers xm hvmloader Xen core core

  27. Allow Legacy Bootup Functionality • Known good kernel + initrd (our code) • PCI reads return “no device” except for NIC • HPET reads to determine clock freq. Guest VM1 Priv. VM DHCP gPXE servers xm kernel Xen core core

  28. Use Device Level Virtualization • Pass through Virtualized NIC • Pass through Local APIC (for timer) Guest VM1 Priv. VM DHCP gPXE servers xm kernel Xen core core

  29. Block All Hypervisor Access • Mount iSCSI drive for user disk • Before jumping to user code, switch off hypervisor • Any VM Exit causes a Kill VM • User can load kernel modules, any applications Guest VM1 Priv. VM DHCP gPXE servers xm kernel Xen Kill VM iSCSI servers core core

  30. Timeline Set up hvmloader Kernel (device disc.) Customer code Guest VM space VMX Root time

  31. Next Steps • Assess needs for future processors • Assess OS modifications • to eliminate need for golden image(e.g., push configuration instead of discovery)

  32. Conclusions • Trend towards hosted and shared infrastructures • Significant security issue threatens adoption • NoHype solves this by removing the hypervisor • Performance improvement is a side benefit

  33. Questions? Contact info: ekeller@princeton.edu http://www.princeton.edu/~ekeller szefer@princeton.edu http://www.princeton.edu/~szefer

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