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COGNITIVE SCIENCE 17 Can You Remember My Name? Part 1 Jaime A. Pineda, Ph.D.

COGNITIVE SCIENCE 17 Can You Remember My Name? Part 1 Jaime A. Pineda, Ph.D. The Persistence of Memory Dali, 1931. Nature of Learning (synaptic plasticity). Experiences produce changes in the brain (learning)

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COGNITIVE SCIENCE 17 Can You Remember My Name? Part 1 Jaime A. Pineda, Ph.D.

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  1. COGNITIVE SCIENCE 17 Can You Remember My Name? Part 1 Jaime A. Pineda, Ph.D.

  2. The Persistence of MemoryDali, 1931

  3. Nature of Learning(synaptic plasticity) • Experiences produce changes in the brain (learning) • Perceptual: the ability to identify and categorize objects through our senses (knowing about things); takes place in sensory systems • Motor: the ability to identify and categorize things through our motor systems (knowing what to do) • Stimulus-response: establishing an association between a stimulus perception and a motor response • Classical and instrumental conditioning (Hebbian rules/LTP and LTD) • Relational: the relationships among individual stimuli • Spatial • Episodic • Observational

  4. Nature of Memory • Changes in the brain as a result of experiences are retained for a period of time (memories) • How and where are memories stored? • Karl Lashley – “memory is not possible” • Memories are highly distributed

  5. Memory The ability to retain learned information and knowledge of past events and experiences and to be able to retrieve that information. Organization of experience….what would you do without it? Learn ---- Retain ---- Retrieve Encoding ---- Maintenance ---- Retrieval

  6. Brain Research In the Media…

  7. Common Model of Memory Processes

  8. Time Course of Memory Processes

  9. Memory Processes

  10. Memory Dichotomies • working (short-term) vs. long-term • episodic vs. generic • explicit vs. implicit • procedural (riding a bike) vs. declarative

  11. Types of Memory Working memory: An active system for temporarily storing and manipulating information needed in the execution of complex cognitive tasks  (e.g., learning, reasoning, and comprehension) (Baddeley 1986) • The “magic number” (+ 7) for digit span, and more. • Sets a limit on performance, good thing? • “Loading platform” for long term memory

  12. 149162536496481

  13. Memory Processes • How do memories get from working memory to long term memory storage? • consolidation • How do we get them back? • Retrieval • Indexing

  14. What Facilitates Encoding, Consolidation, and Maintenance? • Time spent in working memory? rehearsal? • Attention and engagement • Connection to what we already know • Depth of processing (typeface vs. meaning)

  15. What Facilitates Retrieval? • Memory cues & context • Depth of processing, easier to find • Retrieval failure or memory loss? Or forgetting vs. misplacement?

  16. Forgetting We are forgetting all the time. Decay-- metabolic processes undo “memory traces” Displacement-- awake vs. asleep during recall interval, interference

  17. 1 4 9 16 25 36 49 64 81 ta-da!

  18. Long Term Memory

  19. Squire’s Taxonomy of Memory Squire & Zola, PNAS, 1996

  20. Memory Disorders Two main types of Amnesia: • Anterograde (“forward”) Amnesia • Retrograde (“backwards”) Amnesia

  21. Memory Disorders Anterograde Amnesia • Problem: forming new memories post-injury/operation • Korsikoff’s Syndrome (chronic alcoholics), Alzheimer’s, patients like H.M. with hippocampal/thalamus damage • Can read, write, converse, remember life until damage was done

  22. H.M.: • “Right now, I’m wondering, Have I done or said anything amiss? You see, at this moment everything looks clear to me, but what happened just before? That’s what worries me. It’s like waking from a dream; I just don’t remember.” • “…Every day is alone in itself, whatever enjoyment I’ve had, and whatever sorrow I’ve had.”

  23. Memory Disorders Retrograde Amnesia: • Problem: loss of memory for some period before brain injury • ECT and head traumas • “Trace consolidation theory” -- memory hasn’t had time to become firmly established, but... several years? • Sometimes memories do come back gradually

  24. Memory Disorders What amnesiacs can do: • procedural memory tasks (mirror tracing) • implicit memory tasks • behavioral conditioning

  25. Squire’s Taxonomy of Memory Squire & Zola, PNAS, 1996

  26. Memory in the Brain Other important brain areas and functions: • Pre-frontal cortex—retrieval, working memory • Hippocampus & other parts of Thalamus--consolidation • Amygdala--emotional events, fear conditioning • Occipital & Temporal Lobes— visual/auditory memories

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