Best English Notes By Qualified and Experienced Faculty - Vocabulary

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2. Best English Notes By Qualified and Experienced Faculty - Vocabulary Rhetoric (noun) Meaning: the art of effective speaking or writing Synonyms: eloquence, expression Antonyms: conciseness Mr. Bolsonaro was able to win over middle ­class sentiment by his acidic rhetoric calling for more police violence against the poor.

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4. Shudder (verb) Meaning: (of a person) tremble convulsively, typically as a result of fear Synonym: palpitate Antonyms: steady When younger people carry around mobile phones with a cracked glass, when they leave things lying around, things I would have once treated with the reverence reserved for rare jewellery, I shudder.

5. Jettisoned (verb) Meaning: abandon or discard (someone or something that is no longer wanted). Synonym: relinquish Antonyms: retain I realise that there is this sense of plenitude that has broken out of its American and Western European pen and spread to the world: the most expensive, newest toy is there to please for a much shorter time before it is jettisoned for something even newer, even cooler.

6. Willow (noun) Meaning: a tree that grows near water and has long, thin branches that hang down Synonym: unskilled Antonyms: expert, skilled Just as batsmen never go out to bat in a serious match with a brand new willow, just as serious scholars avoid taking a new pen into a big exam, there was something almost mystical about the value you had added to something by serious usage.

7. Exorbitant (adjective) Meaning:(of a price or amount charged) unreasonably high. Synonym: monstrous Antonyms: reasonable When it has acted — such as when airlines started charging exorbitant fares during peak season — its solutions have proved ineffective in actually curbing airlines.

8. Provocateur (noun) Meaning: a person who deliberately behaves controversially in order to provoke argument or other strong reactions Synonym: demagogue Antonyms: reconciler And why are other changes, despite all their claims of radicalism and accompanying frenzy of promotion, ultimately indistinguishable from the cosmetic and die away when either the provocateur or his interests fade away?

9. Vanguard (noun) Meaning: a position at the forefront of new developments or ideas Synonyms: leaders Antonyms: followers Notwithstanding the frictions generated by Tamil Nadu’s posturing on all these contentious issues, it has simultaneously been the vanguard among its peers in the provision of mass welfare goods and services.

10. Manoeuvred (verb) Meaning: move skillfully or carefully Synonyms: intrigue, conspire Antonyms: cessation The genius of Annadurai, Karunanidhi, and AIADMK founder M.G. Ramachandran was to supplant the elites­ driven fundraising and campaigning networks of the Congress with grassroots, cadre based networks of their own, a model that has now acquired deep roots and cannot be easily out ­manoeuvred.

11. Pedagogical(adjective) Meaning: relating to teaching Synonyms: apprenticeship, training Antonyms: confusion It leads most other States in Programme for International Student Assessment or PISA rankings that measure pedagogical effectiveness in school education.

12. Impromptu (adjective & adverb) Meaning: done without being planned or rehearsed Synonyms: extempore, spontaneous Antonyms: deliberate After his election, the military conducted an impromptu parade through Brazil’s streets.

13. Clarion (adjective) Meaning: loud and clear Synonyms: blaring Antonyms: low In the heyday of the Dravidian movement, Tamil Nadu was one of those rare States that issued the clarion call of secession and autonomy for the Tamil people, ethnic based demands that would, in today’s India, be instantly branded “anti­ national”.

14. Demarcated (verb) Meaning: set the boundaries or limits of. Synonym: delineate Antonyms: confusion The regulator’s primary responsibility should be to ensure the safety and comfort of passengers and provide a well­ demarcated set of rules so that the paying public gets a fair deal.

15. Rampart (noun) Meaning: a defensive wall of a castle, having a broad top with a walkway and typically a stone parapet. Synonyms: embankment, barricade Antonyms: depression It may be difficult for the likes of the BJP to breach the ramparts of Tamil politics because the people do not fret as much about high ­level macro corruption as they do about the transactions cost of individualised micro corruption, which impacts their day to ­day existence.

16. Hegemonic(adjective) Meaning: ruling in a political or social context Synonyms: authority Antonyms: helplessness Thus, notwithstanding the gradual creep of saffron politics in Tamil Nadu — notable here are rising incidents of communal clashes, generally a rarity in the State — the hegemonic influence of regional parties, which began in 1967.

17. Purported (verb) Meaning: appear to be or do something, especially falsely. Synonyms: profess, pretend Antonyms: conceal There are some who argue that the antidote to this crisis of runaway corruption could be the kind of “good governance” reforms that Prime Minister NarendraModi has introduced at a national level, including a purported crackdown on bureaucratic inefficiency, the Goods and Services Tax, and macroeconomic shock­ therapy policies such as demonetisation.

18. Litany (noun) Meaning: a tedious recital or repetitive series. Synonyms: enumeration Antonyms: original Each complain of the other’s ignorance, and often arrogance, and both have their own litany of grievances.

19. Paradigm (noun) Meaning: a typical example or pattern of something Synonyms: exemplar, criterion Antonyms: antithesis Today, the foundation of its political superstructure is facing tectonic shifts and an entirely new paradigm may be on the horizon.

20. Underpinning (noun) Meaning: a set of ideas, motives, or devices which justify or form the basis for something Synonyms: construct Antonyms: demolish In this age when U.S. President Donald Trump is upending the global liberal order so dear to the Europeans, and China’s rise is challenging the very values which Brussels likes to showcase as the ones underpinning global stability, a substantive engagement with India is a natural corollary.

21. Retrenching (verb) Meaning: (of an organization or individual) reduce costs or spending in response to economic difficulty. Synonyms: economize, truncate Antonyms: extravagant It must be stressed, however, that retreating from an aggressive position must not give the impression that India is retrenching within the region, opening space for the U.S.­ China rivalry to play out in its own backyard.

22. Clemency (noun) Meaning: mercy; lenience Synonyms: indulgence Antonyms: ruthlessness The treatment of death row prisoners has been humanised, and there is scope for judicial review even against a sovereign decision denying clemency.

23. Condign (adjective) Meaning: (of punishment or retribution) appropriate to the crime or wrongdoing; fitting and deserved. Synonyms: requisite Antonyms: undeserved There is a conflict between those who sense the danger of inconsistent application and those who believe in condign justice. This conflict can be resolved only if the debate is taken to a higher plane: a moral position that there shall be no death penalty in law, regardless of the nature, circumstances and consequences of an offence.

24. Deterrence (noun) Meaning: the action of discouraging an action or event through instilling doubt or fear of the consequences Synonyms: obviation Antonyms: encouragement In recent times, public outrage, the need for deterrence, and the clamour for a befitting punishment to render substantial justice have dominated the discourse.Theories of punishment on whether it ought to be punitive, retributive, reformative or restorative are less relevant to the public imagination and the law enforcers when the crime is grave and heinous.

25. Construed (verb) Meaning: interpret (a word or action) in a particular way. Synonyms: elucidate Antonyms: obscure With elections in Bhutan (completed) and Bangladesh (to be held in December), as well as the ongoing political crisis in Sri Lanka, India has chosen to make no public political statement that could be construed as interference or preference for one side over the other.

26. Avuncular (adjective) Meaning: kind and friendly towards a younger or less experienced person. Synonyms: advisory, counselling Antonyms: unkind, unfriendly All these moves lead to the question, why has the government decided to make the change from playing big brother in the neighbourhood to a more genial and avuncular version of its previous self?

27. Conciliatory (adjective) Meaning: intended or likely to pacify. Synonyms: placatory Antonyms: antagonistic No Indian Minister has visited Pakistan since the Uri attack in September 2016, and after the cancellation of Foreign Minister talks at the UN this year, it was assumed that the government would not pursue conciliatory proposals with the new government in Islamabad.

28. Befuddlement (verb) Meaning: a state of mental uncertainty Synonym: perplexity Antonyms: conviction He was conscious that “any exercise in curation provokes questions of discernment, epistemology, and even philosophy that can easily lead to befuddlement, and in the case of books, since they are carriers of such varied knowledge in themselves, it can be paralysing.”

29. Oeuvre (noun) Meaning: the complete works of a writer, painter, or other artist: Synonym: output Antonyms: idle It also asks us how to appraise the oeuvre of a particular writer. Mustich, for instance, has multiple books by writers such as Jane Austen and Fyodor Dostoevsky, but just the one each by Margaret Atwood (Cat’s Eye), V.S. Naipaul (A House for Mr Biswas) and Gabriel Garcia Marquez (One Hundred Years of Solitude).

30. Grandeur (noun) Meaning: splendour and impressiveness, especially of appearance or style Synonym: magnificence Antonyms: insignificance All the while Subrahmanyan’sfingers strum the tanpura, and he listens to Vaidyanathan’s gravelly voice traverse the melancholic grandeur of a raagam called Surutti.

31. Rapprochement (noun) Meaning: (especially in international affairs) an establishment or resumption of harmonious relations. Synonym: rapport, concord Antonyms: estrangement But while Mr. Modi’s “Wuhan summit” with Chinese President Xi Jinping and the “Sochi retreat” with Russian President Vladimir Putin merited much attention, it is important to take stock of attempts at rapprochement in the immediate neighbourhood.

32. Unostentatious (adjective) Meaning: not designed to impress Synonym: unpretentious Antonyms: ostentatious These kinds of unostentatious engagements are neither spectacular to behold nor radical in their claims. Their innovations belong to no one person in particular, yet they can only be passed down to the next generation by an artist who singularly takes possession of it.