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This text explores the connection between the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment, highlighting the belief in progress, a more secular perspective, and the importance of the individual. It also delves into the core values of the philosophes, including reason, happiness, progress, and liberty. Additionally, it discusses the influential figures of Voltaire, Hobbes, Locke, Montesquieu, Rousseau, and Beccaria, as well as how Enlightenment ideas spread through Catherine the Great and Frederick the Great. Finally, it touches on the music, literature, and architectural changes during the Enlightenment, as well as the shift from mercantilism to laissez-faire.
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Linkage of the Scientific Revolution to the Enlightenment • Belief in Progress • The successes of the Scientific Revolution gave philosophes the confidence that human reason could solve social problems. • More secular Perspective • Scientists made discoveries that contradicted & challenged religious teachings. • Importance of the Individual • People turned away from the Church & royalty for guidance - looked to themselves. • Encouraged to use their own abilities & reason to problem solve
Core Values of the Philosophes • 1. Reason – truth could be discovered through reason • 2. Happiness – rejected medieval belief that people should concentrate on finding happiness in the hereafter rather than finding contentment & joy in this world • 3. Progress – Humankind could improve • 4. Liberty – called for liberties achieve from the Glorious Revolution in the English Bill of Rights
“I do not agree with a word you say but will defend to the death your right to say it” Voltaire
Voltaire • Prolific writer who used satire against his enemies. • Attacked clergy, aristocrats & goverment • Fought for religious freedom & speech. • Was jailed & exiled for his beliefs. • Fought superstition, intolerance and prejudice. • He corresponded directly with many rulers
Hobbes • Influenced by the English Civil War • Human nature was wicked & life was like state of war • Social Contract req’d people to give up liberties to an absolute monarch. • In return they gain order & security. • Wrote the Leviathan
Locke • Locke believed that human nature was essentially good. • Humans were born with natural rights of life, liberty, property….. • Purpose of goverment was to protect those rights • If government abused it’s authority as Britain had done people had a right to overthrow that government.
Locke’s Chief Influence • Principles include: • Natural rights • Purpose of government • Justification to overthrow government • Author of the Two Treatise on Government
Montesquieu • Believed the best organization of goverment included: • Separation of powers & • Checks and balances • SOP was by itself a C/B • Both ideas are part of the US Constitution. • Wrote Spirit of the Laws
“Man is born free and everywhere he is in chains.”Rousseau
Rousseau • Civilization corrupted man. • Only good goverment had to be freely formed & guided by the “general will” of society. • Favored “direct democracy” in which individuals agree to give up some freedoms in favor of the common good. • Consent of government • Titles of nobility should be abolished • Influenced French Revolution/ • Consent of the governed in US Constitution
Beccaria • Interested in the justice system • Condemned torture & irregular procedings. • Favored: • Speedy trial • Fair treatment • Punishment commensurate with the crime • Abolishing capital punishment
Catherine the Great • Experimented with Enlightenment ideas • Communicated with Voltaire & Diderot. • Gave some rights to nobles • However she allied herself with nobles who opposed change. • Suppressed serf revolt
Frederick the Great • King of Prussia • Religious tolerance • Hired Voltaire to set up Prussian Academy • Instituted reforms to help commoners • However reforms were largely to make Prussian gov more efficient
Music, Literature and Architectural Changes during the Enlightenment
Baroque Music I’ll be Bach! • Johann Sebastian Bach • George Friedrich Handel • Dramatic Organ & choral music
Classical Music - Enlightenment • Composers • Joseph Haydn • Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart • Ludwig van Beethoven • Lighter, more elegant music
Literature • Novels which had plots, suspense & character development. • Entertaining stories enjoyed by middle classes. • Written in language that was understood
Mercantilism vs. Laissez-Faire • Government regulated • Restricted trade • Tariffs • Navigation Acts • Regulated by the market • Liberal free trade
Mercantilism • Government regulated economic policy based on the following beliefs: • Wealth was measured by the amount of gold/silver in treasury which req’d that nations maintain favorable balance of trade. • Colonies were desired because they (1) provided raw materials and (2) markets for finished products. • Restrictive trade policies which was reflected in the Navigation Laws
Adam Smith • Leading physiocrat who opposed mercantilism. • Wrote Wealth of Nations which argued that natural forces of supply & demand should operate the economy. • Strong supporter of laissez-faire. • Encouraged individual initiative
