Donald Super’s Life-Span, Life-Space Theory

1. Donald Super’s Life-Span, Life-Space Theory Richard Cleveland Teaching Demonstration Career Counseling Class, Seattle University Tuesday April 9th, 2013

2. Agenda • Introductions • Super’s Developmental Life-Span, Life-Space Career Theory • General Questions

3. Introductions Richard Cleveland Aircraft Maintenance Professional School Counselor Doctoral Candidate Adjunct Instructor & Accreditation Assistant Image(s) downloaded from: alaskaair.com, spu.edu, everettk12.wa.us

4. Introductions Richard Cleveland Spouse, Father, Son, Brother School Counseling Advocate School Counseling Educator Believer in Meaning & Hope Image(s) downloaded from: viktorfrankl.org

5. Introductions Ice-Breaker What is something unique about you?

6. Super’s Life-Span, Life-Space Career Theory • Why • Standards, Refining & Meaning • What • Life-Span, Life-Space, & Self-Concept • Processing • Strengths & Limitations • How • What’s Next?

7. Why District, State, National, & Professional Standards • Everett School District Career & Technical Education • http://www.everett.k12.wa.us/cte/Home • Washing State Certification in School Counseling • http://apps.leg.wa.gov/WAC/default.aspx?cite=181-78A-270 • WA CGCP • http://www.cgcpframework.org

8. Why District, State, National, & Professional Standards (iii) Counseling theories and technique: Certified school counselors use a variety of research-based counseling approaches to provide prevention, intervention, and responsive services to meet the academic, personal/social and career needs of all students. [emphasis mine] Image(s) downloaded from: http://apps.leg.wa.gov/WAC/default.aspx?cite=181-78A-270

9. Why District, State, National, & Professional Standards Image(s) downloaded from: www.cgcpframework.org/

10. Why District, State, National, & Professional Standards • ASCA National Model 3.0 • http://schoolcounselor.org • ASCA National Standards • http://www.ascanationalmodel.org/files/StudentStandards.pdf Image(s) downloaded from: www.ascanationalmodel.org/files/StudentStandards.pdf, schoolcounselor.org

11. Why District, State, National, & Professional Standards • CACREP Image(s) downloaded from: cacrep.org

12. Why Professionally & Ethically Refining Our Practice • Choosing to engage in an asymptotic journey • Never quite arriving, but getting closer Image(s) downloaded from: http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Asymptote.html

13. Why Professionally & Ethically Refining Our Practice • “Guidance consists in the agencies, persons, and activities which operate directly in the discovery and treatment of aptitudes, likes and dislikes, strengths and weaknesses of individuals in the areas of personal, social, and vocational career building.” • “…the United States has been through a period of great economic depression; and this period has been marked by violent attacks upon the whole educational system of the country. Among others has been the attack upon all the so-called “frills” of education; guidance being near the top of this […] list. … Urgent pleas for a return to the Three-R’s have been made. In every state in the Union certain schools have been forced to close because of lack of funds.” • “It is not surprising, then, that the White House Conference summed up the demand for guidance in the schools by this significant statement: “Counseling procedures should be established in all school systems, […] Counseling should be made available to all children in those grades in elementary and secondary schools…”

14. Why Professionally & Ethically Refining Our Practice

15. Why Viewing Career as More Than “just a job” • Finding fulfillment, happiness, and meaning in life • Recognizing the contextual influences of life • The possibility of hope via the developmental platform

16. What • Dr. Donald E. Super • Life-Span, Life-Space Developmental Career Theory • “differential-developmental-social-phenomenological career theory” • Developmental over time across the life span • Stand-alone theory or synthesis of theories? • Similar energies as for developing theoretical orientation only now for career theory: Are you eclectic or integrative? • Life-Span+Life-Space+Self-Concept = Career Development Image(s) downloaded from: openlibrary.org

17. What: Super’s Theoretical Assumptions • People’s self-characteristics and self-concept differ, • These self-characteristics make them eligible for various occupations, • Individual occupations require specific traits, but these requirements are flexible enough to allow for diversity of persons, • Self-concept develops over time, ergo making choices and adjustment are continuous processes, • The change process can be described and fits within certain stages (not surprising for developmental),

18. What: Super’s Theoretical Assumptions • Occupational level and career pattern are influenced by contextual and personal factors, • Degree of readiness to address/cope with career developmental tasks (career maturity) influenced by degree of success from previous tasks in earlier stages. • Career development can be “facilitated” with developmentally appropriate career interventions across the lifespan, • Career choice is a synthesizing and compromising process that is interactive with the individual’s environment, • Life satisfaction is dependent upon finding life-role opportunities and life-role involvement consistent with a person’s valued self-characteristics, preferences, and values.

19. LIFE-SPAN

20. LIFE-SPAN: Growth • Main task is to develop a beginning sense of self and understanding of the world of work • Substages: Fantasy, Interest, and Capacity • Natural curiosities about work, occupations, etc. propel children to investigate the world of work and their own interests, talents, and skills • Thus we progress from curiosity, to investigate interests, to recognition of capacities Image(s) downloaded from: http://www.careers.govt.nz/educators-practitioners/career-practice/career-theory-models/supers-theory/

21. LIFE-SPAN: Exploration • Main task is crystallizing and specifying occupational preferences • Substages: Tentative, Transition, and Trial • Narrowing choices and trying these out via choosing (or not choosing) further training, education, etc. for an occupation • Fluid process as choices disappear, reappear, but the goal is the crystallization of preferences specific to occupation(s) • Also note the importance of knowing self Image(s) downloaded from: http://www.careers.govt.nz/educators-practitioners/career-practice/career-theory-models/supers-theory/

22. LIFE-SPAN: Establishment • Main tasks are Stabilization, Consolidating, and Advancing • Stabilization: Is this occupation (a) one in which I can succeed, and (b) allows me to express my self-concept • Consolidating: Starting to dig in, produce, and develop a positive reputation/presence • Advancing: Engaging in Consolidating, resulting in advancement within the occupation (i.e. increased pay, responsibility, opportunity, etc.) Image(s) downloaded from: http://www.careers.govt.nz/educators-practitioners/career-practice/career-theory-models/supers-theory/

23. LIFE-SPAN: Maintenance • Main tasks are Holding, Updating, and Innovating • Holding to the occupation, choosing to update with the demands/changes, and even innovating self rather than remaining stagnant • Interactive with self-concept so process is as much about personal self-concept, preference, etc., as it is about specific technical occupational skill Image(s) downloaded from: http://www.careers.govt.nz/educators-practitioners/career-practice/career-theory-models/supers-theory/

24. LIFE-SPAN: Disengagement • Main tasks are Deceleration, Retirement Planning, and Retirement Living • As individuals progress through the life span, concerns about lifestyle, retirement activities, as well as physical, financial, and spiritual considerations emerge Image(s) downloaded from: http://www.careers.govt.nz/educators-practitioners/career-practice/career-theory-models/supers-theory/

25. LIFE-SPACE ROLES THEATERS Home School Workplace Community • Child • Student • Leisurite • Citizen • Worker • Spouse/Partner • Homemaker • Parent • Pensioner

26. SELF-CONCEPT • Self-Concept: “picture of the self in some role, situation, or position performing some set of functions, or in some web of relationships.” • Career decisions are our attempts at translating our self-understanding into career terms • Objective &subjective elements within self-concept: • Objective(homogenous) generalizable, definitional aspects: i.e. “I am like a school counselor in that I like working with children and youth, and I am good with interpersonal communication skills” • Subjective(heterogeneous) what we as individuals bring; how we have dealt with, constructed meaning from unique life experiences: i.e. “I lost my dad as a young man and know the pain that can come with grief. I want to be able to help other children and youth facing that challenge” • Dynamic, continuous nature of Super’s theory. If life experiences are constantly changing my self, then self-concept is being changed, ergo my Life Space and Life Span are being impacted as well

27. What: Life-Span+Life-Space+Self-Concept = Career Development Diagram from Super, D.E. (1990). A life-span, life-space approach to career development. In D. Brown & L. Brooks (Eds.) Career choice and development: Applying contemporary theories to practice (2nd ed.), p. 216. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Image(s) downloaded from: www.people.ku.edu/~tkrieshok/pre846/lectures/super.htm

28. What • Guiding Students: Actuarial & Developmental • Actuarial: using interest inventories to assess client interests and align those with identified occupational interests based on correlational data. Similarly, using values inventories to address the life-space side of things • Developmental: or Thematic-Extrapolation Model using autobiographies and other means to identify life patterns in the client’s history. • Analyze the past to identify themes and trends; • Summarize and reflect on the emerging themes and trends; • Project the themes and trends into the future.

29. Processing: Discussion Activity Strengths & Limitations (aka Your Likes & Dislikes) • Turn & talk with neighbor(s) to discuss… • Where might there be alignment/tension between Super’s theory & Professional School Counseling? • Where might there be alignment/tension between Super’s theory & your own personal approach, beliefs, theoretical orientation, etc.?

30. Processing: Limitations • While Super did dedicate some time to exploring differences between men/women, theory predominantly based on white (male) subjects who hold a social value of independence. • Theory originated during time when most men spent career in single company/occupation and most women worked as homemakers or sexually segregated occupations

31. Processing: Strengths • Developmental • “Career Maturity” becomes “Career Adaptability” • The role of context • Extending adaptability to adolescents & children • Dynamic, continuous nature of context • Assumption that career is intertwined with satisfaction in life • Career: “the life course of a person encountering a series of developmental tasks and attempting to handle them in such a way as to become the kind of person he or she wants to become.” I Piaget Image(s) downloaded from: piaget.org, Microsoft Office

32. Processing: Strengths • Super recognizes the personal and situational influences on our self-concepts. Making sure our students have awareness of these contextual factors as they are progressing through their development (e.g. growth and exploration stages) • Making necessary changes as “career” continues to evolve • Super’s theory at least acknowledges the contextual impact of sex, ethnicity, SES, class status, etc.

33. How So What’s Next? Image(s) downloaded from: Microsoft Office, http://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/asca/asca_national_model

34. How: Resources • Instrument Ideas • Super’s Career Development Assessment & Counseling (C-DAC) Model • Career Development Inventory (CDI) (Thompson, Lindeman, Super, Jordaan, & Meyers, 1984) • Salience Inventory (Super & Nevill, 1986) • Values Scale (VS) (Nevill & Super, 1986) • Super’s Work Values Inventory-revised (SWVI-r) • Strong Interest Inventory (SII) (Harmon, Hansen, Borgen, & Hammer, 1994)

35. How: Resources • Intervention Ideas • “Pie of Life” exercise (pg. 58) • Genogram (pg. 59) • Adjusting a “Life Map” to a “Career Map” exercise • Books/ Bibliotherapy • Douglas, B. (1996). When I grow up I want to be… Cambridge, MA: Candlewick Press. • Fosberry, J. (2011). My name is not Alexander: Just how big can a little kid dream? Naperville, IL: Sourcebooks. • Fosberry, J. (2008). My name is not Isabella: Just how big can a little girl dream? Naperville, IL: Sourcebooks. • Litchfield, J. & Brooks, F. (2007) Jobs people do. London: Usborne. • Creativity

36. How: Resources • Sample lesson plan out of U of O found at http://oregoncis.uoregon.edu/pdf/curriculum/life_roles_rainbow_ms.pdf • “Starting” reading list on page 62 in text • Professional School Counseling [ASCA Online] • Flom & Sundal-Hansen (2006) – PSC 10(1) • Kolodinsky, Schroder, Montopoli, McLean, Mangan, & Pederson (2006) – PSC 10(2) • Tang, Pan, & Newmeyer (2008) DOI#10.5330/PSC.n.2010-11.285

37. How: Small Group Activity Creating a Career Unit/Lesson Plan Outline • Break into small group by level (ES, MS, HS) • Sketch out a lesson/unit plan based on Super’s theory • What stage(s) are applicable for your level? • What’s your objective? (think in terms of task) • Activity idea(s) for the lesson/unit? (Creativity) • What other subject areas/classes might this connect with? (Collaboration) • Be prepared to share your work

38. How: Small Group Activity • An example….sort of…..

39. References Bobek, B. L., & Robbins, S. B. (2005). Counseling for career transition: Career pathing, job loss, and reentry. In Brown, S. D., & Lent, R. W. (Eds.), Career development and counseling: Putting theory and research to work (pp. 305-329). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Brown, D. (2012). Career information, career counseling, and career development 10th ed.). New York: Pearson. Davis, B. E. (1936). Guidance in the junior high school. Yokohama: Yamagata Press. Herring, R. D. (1998). Career counseling in schools: Multicultural and developmental perspectives. Alexandria, VA: American Counseling Association. Niles, S. G., & Harris-Bowlsbey, J. (2013). Career development interventions in the 21st century (4th ed.). New York: Pearson. Rounds, J. B., & Armstrong, P. I. (2005). Assessment of needs and values. In Brown, S. D., & Lent, R. W. (Eds.), Career development and counseling: Putting theory and research to work (pp. 305-329). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Whitfield, E. A., Feller, R. W., & Wood, C. (Eds.). (2009). A counselor’s guide to career assessment instruments (5th ed.). Broken Arrow, OK: National Career Development Association. Wood, C., & Kaszubowski, Y. (2008). The Career Development Needs of Rural Elementary School Students. Elementary School Journal, 108(5), 431-444.

40. General Questions Richard Cleveland Seattle Pacific University (206)281.2384 rclevela@spu.edu http://richardcleveland.me School Counselor Doctoral Candidate Adjunct Instructor Accreditation Asst.