Famous Historical Figures Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi Malcolm X Martin Luther King Jr.

1. Famous Historical FiguresMohandas Karamchand Gandhi Malcolm XMartin Luther King Jr. CIT 607 Current Technology as Mindtools Fall 2009 Dr. Schrader MLK Malcolm X Gandhi

2. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi • Born -October 2, 1869 • Died January 30, 1948 • Civil Rights Activist • Cause of Death: Assassination MLK Malcolm X

3. Malcolm X • Born- May 19, 1925 • Died- February 21, 1965 • Civil Rights Activist • Cause of Death: Assassination MLK Gandhi

4. Martin Luther King Jr. • Born- January 15, 1929 • Died- April 4, 1968 • Civil Rights Activist • Cause of Death: Assassination Malcolm X Gandhi

5. Gandhi (Place of Birth, Parents, Education, Marriage) • Place of Birth Gandhi was born October 2nd, 1869 in Porbandar Gujrat India. • His father, Karamchand Gandhi was the Prime Minister of the Porbander state. • His mother, Putlibai came from the Hindu Pranami, was Karamchand's fourth wife • Education- Gandhi studied law in London between 1888-1891. • Marriage- In May 1883, the 13-year old Mohandas was married to 14-year old Kasturbai Makanji MLK Malcolm X

6. Gandhi What did he do? Imprisonment • Gandhi worked with other Indian-rights activists in South Africa to create the Natal Indian Congress; to give Indians a voice in South African politics • Gandhi organized an Indian Ambulance Corps at the beginning of the Boer War (1899-1902) to provide relief to injured British soldiers. Gandhi created the Ambulance Corps to send a message to the British that Indians were too responsible individuals who deserved the same rights as the British. • Gandhi established the Phoenix Settlement. His followers consisted of his friends who where both Indian and European. Gandhi and his followers experimented a life devoted to vegetarianism, fasting, and farming. • Gandhi organized the Satyagrahacampaign of peaceful non-cooperation which protested the Transvaal Asiatic Amendments Act — this law required Indians living in the Transvaal to be fingerprinted and registered. • Gandhi organized a boycott of British goods and taxes to protest Western materialism. Gandhi promoted goods over those which were imported from Britain. • British authorities arrested Gandhi. In this trial, known as “The Great Trial,” Gandhi pleaded guilty to the charges. He was sentenced to six years in jail, but was released after two years. Malcolm X Imprisonment MLK imprisonment

7. GandhiSupporters, Accomplishments and Assassination • In protest of the Salt Act (1882), which didn’t allow Indians from making their own salt, Gandhi led a 200-mile march from Ahmedabad to Dandi where he picked up a piece of natural, unprocessed salt from the shore, which violated British law. This march inspired thousands of Indians to follow his non-violent civil disobedience. British authorities arrested more than one hundred thousand protesters. Gandhi was arrested as well however, he was released negotiate an end to the protests. • After being imprisoned by British authorities, Gandhi began his “fast until death” to protest the British proposal to create a separate electorate for the untouchable caste. Gandhi then took another fast to purify his body, it was then when the British authorities released him from custody. • Assassination- On January 30, Gandhi was assassinated by a Hindu nationalist. Shot three times in the chest, Gandhi died at the age of 78. Malcolm X Accomplishments & Assassination MLK Accomplishments & Assassination

8. Malcolm X (Place of Birth, Parents, Education, Marriage) • Place of Birth- Malcolm X was born on May 19th, 1925, in Omaha, Nebraska. • His fatherEarl Little was an outspoken Baptist speaker and was a local leader of the UNIA. • His mother-Louise Little born in Grenada (Earl Little’s second wife). Her father was Scottish and mother African American. • Education- He graduated from junior high at the top of his class. Malcolm’s dream was to become a lawyer. He eventually dropped out of school when he was told by his teacher that his goals were “unrealistic” He spent some time in Boston, Massachusetts then moved to Harlem, New York. • Marriage- On January 14, 1958, Malcolm X married Betty Sanders in Lansing, Michigan MLK Gandhi

9. Malcolm X (What did he do? Imprisonment) • In 1942 he began to commit crimes and in 1946 he was arrested and convicted of burglary charges, and sentenced to 10 years in prison. • He used his time spent in jail to further his education. He began to study the teachings of NOI leader Elijah Muhammad. • In prison he became a member of the Nation of Islam and after his parole in 1952 he became one of the Nation’s leaders and chief spokesperson. • Malcolm X disagreed with the NOI's policy of not participating in politics. He believed that political mobilization was indispensable but occasionally defied the rule by supporting boycotts and other forms of protest. • Before he split with the NOI, he shared the podium with black, white, and Puerto Rican labor organizers in the left-wing, multiracial hospital workers' union in New York. • He also began developing an independent Pan-Africanist. • On March 8, 1964, he announced his resignation and formed the Muslim Mosque, Inc., which was an Islamic movement devoted to working in the political sphere and cooperating with civil rights leaders. Gandhi Imprisonment MLK Imprisonment

10. Malcolm X Supporters, Accomplishments and Assassination • During the summer of 1964 he formed the Organization of Afro-American Unity (OAAU). Inspired by the Organization of African Unity (OAU) made up of independent African states, the OAAU's program combined advocacy for independent black institutions with support for black participation in mainstream politics, including electoral campaigns. • He did exert a notable impact on the Civil Rights Movement in the last year of his life. Black activists in the Congress of Racial Equality and the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee who had heard him speak to organizers in Selma, Alabama, in February 1965, began to support some of his ideas, especially on armed self-defense, racial pride, and the creation of black-run institutions. • Assassination- His assassination at the Audubon Ballroom in New York—carried out by gunmen affiliated with the NOI. Gandhi Accomplishments & Assassination MLK Accomplishments & Assassination

11. MLK Jr. (Place of Birth, Parents, Education, Marriage) • Place of Birth- Martin Luther King, Jr., was born on January 15, 1929, in Atlanta, Georgia • Father- Martin Luther King Sr. who was a Reverend. • Mother- Alberta Christine Williams King Born in Atlanta, Georgia Alberta King was shot and killed on June 30, 1974 in a Baptist Church • Education- Growing up in Atlanta, King attended Booker High School and skipped ninth and twelfth grade, and entered Morehouse College at the age of fifteen without formally graduating from high school. In 1948 he graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in Sociology from Morehouse College. Martin Luther King then began his doctoral studies in systematic theology at Boston University and received hi Doctor of Philosophy in 1955. • Marriage- King married Coretta Scott on June 18, 1953 Malcolm X Gandhi

12. MLK What did he do? • Martin Luther King Joined the bus boycott after Rosa Parks was arrested he was elected president of the Montgomery Improvement Association. • Martin Luther King formed the Southern Christian Leadership Conference to fight segregation and achieve civil rights. • Martin Luther King resigns from pasturing the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church to concentrate on civil rights full time. • He was inspired by Gandhi's success with non-violent activism and he visited the Gandhi family in India in 1959. The trip to India affected Martin Luther King, which deepened his understanding of non violent resistance and his commitment to America's struggle for civil rights.

13. MLK What did he do? (cont.) Imprisonment • The Interstate Commerce Commission banned segregation in interstate travel due to work of Martin Luther King, Jr. and the Freedom Riders. • During the unsuccessful Albany, Georgia movement, Martin Luther King was arrested and jailed. During the eleven days he spent in jail, MLK wrote his famous letter from Birmingham. • The Birmingham agreement is announced. The stores, restaurants, and schools will be desegregated, hiring of blacks implemented, and charges dropped. On June 23, 1963 MLK leads 125,000 people on a Freedom Walk in Detroit. Gandhi Imprisonment Malcolm X Imprisonment

14. MLK (Supporters, Accomplishments/Assassination) • The March on Washington held August 28 is the largest civil rights demonstration in history with nearly 250,000 people in attendance. At the march, King makes his famous I Have a Dream speech. • Martin Luther King was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize . Dr. King is the youngest person to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for Peace at age 35. On February 2, he was arrested in Selma, Alabama during a voting rights demonstration. • Martin Luther King initiated a campaign to end discrimination in housing, employment, and schools in Chicago. • Dr. Martin Luther King marched in support of sanitation workers on strike in Memphis, Tennessee. • Assassination- on April 4, Martin Luther King, Jr. was shot while standing on the balcony of the Lorraine Motel in Memphis, Tennessee. Malcolm X Accomplishments & Assassination Gandhi Accomplishments & Assassination

15. Famous Historical FiguresMohandas Karamchand GandhiMalcolm XMartin Luther King Jr. Gandhi Malcolm X MLK