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History

History. 1851 successful cabling between England and France 1956, first transatlantic telephone cable 1988, first transatlantic fiber optic cable. 1855. Cable Laying Ships.

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History

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  1. History • 1851 successful cabling between England and France • 1956, first transatlantic telephone cable • 1988, first transatlantic fiber optic cable

  2. 1855

  3. Cable Laying Ships Cable-laying ships Agamemnon and Niagara in Atlantic storm.From Harper's Weekly: Telegraph Supplement (September 4, 1858)

  4. History

  5. History

  6. Cartoon "New Siamese Twins"The telegraph links England and FranceBritish political cartoon, Punch magazine, 1851

  7. Atlantic Cable Portion of Atlantic cable, 1865-66 (retrieved from the Atlantic in 1939)National Museum of American History

  8. Flag State:NorwayClass:DNV Cable LayerCable Capacity:6400 mtBeam:22 mtrA-Frame SWL:50 mt Year Built: 2000LOA:121 mtrBollard Pull150 mtBerthing:70 persons Cabling Ship Endurance:100 Days Maximum Speed:16 knots Draft:7.3 mtrRepeaters:160 Duplex DP SystemHelideck

  9. Under Sea Installation Planning

  10. Under Sea Installation Planning • Environmental Assessment

  11. Bringing the Cable Ashore

  12. 1857: First TryCable snaps 30 miles off Irish coast. No one had ever laid cable in water so deep before, so no one knew what problems to expect. • 1858: Second Try, Momentary SuccessUsing improved machinery, two ships lay cable from mid-ocean to Ireland and Newfoundland. North America and Europe are linked for instant communication. Unfortunately, the cable fails within a month. • 1865: Third TryTwo-thirds of the way across the Atlantic, the cable breaks. • 1866: Success!Cable successfully connects Europe (Ireland) and North America (Newfoundland).

  13. Internet Infrastructure Mercy College Internet Server It is a global collection of networks, both big and small. These networks connect together in many different ways to form the single entity that we know as the Internet. In fact, the very name comes from this idea of interconnected networks.

  14. Large ISP, UUNET Most large communications companies have their own dedicated backbones connecting between various regions. In each region, the company has a Point of Presence (POP). The POP is a place for local users to access the company's network, often through a local phone number or dedicated line

  15. Large ISP, UUNET

  16. What are Fiber Optics • Fiber optics (optical fibers) are long, thin strands of very pure glass about the diameter of a human hair. They are arranged in bundles called optical cables and used to transmit light signals over long distances. It has following parts: • core - thin glass center of the fiber where the light travels • cladding - outer optical material surrounding the core that reflects the light back into the core • buffer coating - plastic coating that protects the fiber from damage and moisture

  17. How Does an Optical Fiber Transmit Light? • Suppose you want to shine a flashlight beam down a long, straight hallway. • Just point the beam straight down the hallway -- light travels in straight lines, so it is no problem. • What if the hallway has a bend in it? You could place a mirror at the bend to reflect the light beam around the corner. What if the hallway was very winding with multiple bends? You might line the walls with mirrors and angle the beam so that it bounces from side-to-side all along the hallway. This is exactly what happens in an optical fiber.

  18. How Does an Optical Fiber Transmit Light? • The light in a fiber optic cable travels through the core (hallway) by constantly bouncing from the cladding (mirror-lined walls), a principle called total internal reflection. Because the cladding does not absorb any light from the core, the light wave can travel great distances. However, some of the light signal degrades within the fiber, mostly due to impurities in the glass.

  19. Box-like case that houses the electronic components of the computer used to process data All computers have a system unit Sometimes called the chassis The System Unit What is the system unit?

  20. The System Unit • Processor • Memory module • Processor • Memory module • Expansion cards • Sound card • Modem card • Video card • Network interface card • Ports and Connectors • Processor • Memory module • Expansion cards • Sound card • Processor • Memory module • Expansion cards • Sound card • Modem card • Processor • Memory module • Expansion cards • Sound card • Modem card • Video card • Processor • Memory module • Expansion cards • Sound card • Modem card • Video card • Network interface card • Processor What are common components inside the system unit?

  21. The System Unit What is the motherboard? • Also called the system board • Main circuit board in the system unit • Contains many electronic components

  22. The System Unit • Chip • Small piece of semi-conducting material on which one or more integrated circuits are etched Transistor Acts as an electronic switch, or gate, that opens or closes the circuit for electronic signals What electronic components are found on the motherboard? Integrated Circuit (IC) Microscopic pathway capable of carrying electrical current

  23. Central Processing Unit What is a personal computer processor? • The single processor chip found in personal computers • Sometimes called a microprocessor • Processors identified by • Manufacturer • Model name or model number Athlon™ Pentium® 4 Celeron™ Duron™

  24. Central Processing Unit What is the central processing unit (CPU)? • Interprets and carries out the basic instructions that operate a computer • Most devices communicate with the CPU in order to carry out a task • Also called the processor

  25. Central Processing Unit CPU Arithmetic/Logic Unit (ALU) Control Unit What are the components of the central processing unit (CPU )?

  26. Central Processing Unit CPU Arithmetic/Logic Unit (ALU) Control Unit Control Unit What is the control unit? • A component of the CPU that directs and coordinates most of the operations in the computer The control unit repeats a set of four basic operations: • Fetch – obtain a program instruction or data item from memory • Decode - translate the instruction into commands • Execute - carry out the command • Store - write the result to memory

  27. Central Processing Unit • Component of the CPU • Performs arithmetic, comparison, and logical operations • Performs the execution part of the machine cycle CPU .and. Arithmetic/Logic Unit (ALU) Control Unit .or. .not. Next What is the arithmetic/logic unit (ALU)? p. 4.6

  28. Central Processing Unit Comparison (greater than, equal to, or less than) .and. .or. .not. Arithmetic (addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division) Logical (AND, OR, NOT) What is the arithmetic/logic unit (ALU)? p. 4.6

  29. Central Processing Unit • Instruction time (i-time) - time it takes to fetch and decode • Execution time (e-time) – time it takes to execute and store e-time i-time What is a machine cycle? • Together the four operations of the CPU comprise a machine cycle • Also called an instruction cycle

  30. Central Processing Unit What is a machine cycle? • Together the four operations of the CPU comprise a machine cycle A student enters a math problem into the memory of the computer Step 1: The control unit fetches the math problem from memory Step 2: The control unit decodes the math problem and sends it to the ALU Step 4: The results of the math problem are stored in memory The result in memory displays on the screen of the monitor Step 3: The ALU executes the math problem

  31. Central Processing Unit • According to how many millions of instructions per second (MIPS) it can process How is the speed of the CPU measured?

  32. Central Processing Unit Synchronizes all computer operations Fasterclock speed means the CPU can execute more instructions each second MHz - one million ticks of the system clock GHz – one billion ticks of the system clock Clock speed (clock rate) measured in megahertz (MHz) and gigahertz (GHz) What is the system clock?

  33. Central Processing Unit How do personal computer processors compare? p. 4.9 Fig. 4-10

  34. Data Representation 1 1 1 1 1 Next 0 0 0 0 0 How do computers represent data? • Most computers are digital • Computers are electronic devices powered by electricity, which has only two states, on or off • Computers recognize only two discrete states: on or off on off p. 4.13

  35. Data Representation Binary Digit (bit) Electronic Charge Electronic State What is the binary system? • A number system that has just two unique digits, 0 and 1 • A single digit is called a bit (binary digit) • A bit is the smallest unit of data the computer can represent • By itself a bit is not very informative • The two digits represent the two off and on states

  36. Data Representation 8-bit byte for the number 3 8-bit byte for the number 5 8-bit byte for the capital letter T What is a byte? • Eight bits are grouped together to form a byte • 0s and 1s in each byte are used to represent individual characters such as letters of the alphabet, numbers, and punctuation

  37. Data Representation What are two popular coding systems to represent data? • American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) • Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code (EBCDIC) • Sufficient for English and Western European languages • Unicode oftenused for other languages

  38. Data Representation Step 2: An electronic signal for the letter T is sent to the system unit Step 3: The signal for the letter T is converted to its ASCII binary code (01010100) and is stored in memory for processing Step 4: After processing, the binary code for the letter T is converted to an image on the output device Next How is a character sent from the keyboard to the computer? Step 1: The user presses the letter T key on the keyboard p. 4.15 Fig. 4-17

  39. Technology Trailblazer Gordon Moore • Co-founder of Intel • Witnessed a consistent geometric growth in technology • Developed principle called Moore’s Law in 1965 • Moore’s Law • The number of transistors and resistors placed on computer chips would double every year, with a proportional increase in computing power and decrease in cost. This principle held true until 1975, when he changed the prediction to doubling every two years.

  40. Memory operating system and other system software that control the usage of the computer equipment data being processed by application programs What is memory? • Temporary storage place for data, instructions, and information • Consists of one or more chips on the motherboard or some other circuit board application programs that carry out a specific task • Three basic items stored in memory

  41. Memory seat C22 seat B22 seat A22 How are bytes stored? • Bytes are the basic storage unit in memory • Each byte is stored at a specific location in memory called an address • Each address has a unique identifying number, like the seats on an airplane • Each address can hold only a single byte • Each address can be full or empty

  42. Memory How is memory measured? • Size of memory is measured by the number of bytes available • Kilobyte - 1,024 bytes • Megabyte - one million bytes

  43. Memory Volatile Memory Loses its contents when the computer's power is turned off volatile memory Loses its contents when the computer's power is turned off nonvolatile memory Does not lose its contents when the computer’s power is turned off What are the two types of memory in the system unit?

  44. Memory Memory chips that can be read from and written to by the processor and other devices When the computer starts, operating system files are loaded from a hard disk into RAM As additional programs and data are requested, they also load from storage into RAM Most RAM is volatile What is random access memory (RAM)?

  45. Memory Storage (hard disk) RAM How are applications transferred in and out of RAM? Step 1: When your computer is running, certain operating system files are in RAM. Shown here is the operating system’s user interface. Step 2: When you start a word processing program such as Word, the program loads into RAM from a hard disk. As you create a document, it is in RAM and displays on your screen. Step 3: When you quit Word, RAM may be used to store another program or data. The program is removed from the screen and the operating system’s user interface redisplays. Step 4: When you start a spreadsheet program such as Excel, the program loads into RAM from a hard disk. As you create a spreadsheet, it is in RAM and displays on your screen. Step 5: When you quit Excel, RAM may be used to store another program or data. Excel is removed from your screen and the operating system’s user interface redisplays.

  46. Memory memory chip dual inline memory module (DIMM) What is a memory module? • RAM chips usually reside on a small circuit board which inserts into motherboard

  47. Memory • Software package usually indicates how much RAM is required Next How much RAM is needed? • The more RAM, the more programs and files a computer can work on at once p. 4.18 Fig. 4-22

  48. Memory How much RAM is needed? • Necessary RAM depends on what type of applications you intend to run on your computer

  49. Memory What is memory cache? • Also called cache store or RAM cache • Helps speed the processes of the computer by storing frequently used instructions and data • When the processor needs an instruction or data, it first searches cache. If it cannot locate the item in cache, then it searches RAM.

  50. Memory What is memory access time? • Speed at which the processor can access data from memory directly • Measured in fractions of a second called nanoseconds (ns) which is one billionth of a second • One blink of the eye is 100 million ns; a computer performs some operations in 10 ns

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