Financing and Valuation

1. Financing and Valuation • Student Presentations • The After-Tax Weighted Average Cost of Capital • Valuing Businesses • Using WACC in Practice • Adjusted Present Value

2. Capital Project Adjustments • Adjust the Discount Rate • Modify the discount rate to reflect capital structure, bankruptcy risk, and other factors. • Adjust the Present Value • Assume an all equity financed firm and then make adjustments to value based on financing.

3. After Tax WACC Tax Adjusted Formula

4. Given the following data: Cost of debt = rD = 6%; Cost of equity = rE = 12.1%; Marginal tax rate = 35%; Firm has 50% debt and 50% equity. Calculate the after-tax weighted average cost of capital (WACC): A) 7.1% B) 8.0% C) 9.05% D) None of the above

5. After Tax WACC Example - Sangria Corporation The firm has a marginal tax rate of 35%. The cost of equity is 12.4% and the pretax cost of debt is 6%. Given the book and market value balance sheets, what is the tax adjusted WACC?

6. After Tax WACC Example - Sangria Corporation - continued

7. After Tax WACC Example - Sangria Corporation - continued Debt ratio = (D/V) = 500/1,250 = .4 or 40% Equity ratio = (E/V) = 750/1,250 = .6 or 60%

8. After Tax WACC Example - Sangria Corporation - continued The company would like to invest in a perpetual crushing machine with cash flows of $1.731 million per year pre-tax. Given an initial investment of $12.5 million, what is the value of the machine?

9. After Tax WACC Example - Sangria Corporation - continued The company would like to invest in a perpetual crushing machine with cash flows of $1.731 million per year pre-tax. Given an initial investment of $12.5 million, what is the value of the machine?

10. Example - Sangria Corporation – continued Perpetual Crusher project

11. Valuing a Business Valuing a Business or Project • The value of a business or Project is usually computed as the discounted value of FCF out to a valuation horizon (H). • The valuation horizon is sometimes called the terminal value.

12. Given the following data, calculate the value of the firm: FCF1 = $7 million; FCF2 = $45 million; FCF3 = $55 million; FCF grows at a rate of 4% for year 4 and beyond. WACC = 10%, A) $716.25 million B) $801.12 million C) $953.33 million D) None of the above

13. Valuing a Business Example: Rio Corporation

14. Valuing a Business Example: Rio Corporation – continued - assumptions

15. Valuing a Business Example: Rio Corporation – continued FCF = Profit after tax + depreciation + investment in fixed assets + investment in working capital FCF = 8.7 + 9.9 – (109.6 - 95.0) – (11.6 - 11.1) = $3.5 million

16. Valuing a BusinessRio Corporation

17. WACC vs. Flow to Equity • If you discount at WACC, cash flows have to be projected just as you would for a capital investment project. Do not deduct interest. Calculate taxes as if the company were all-equity financed. The value of interest tax shields is picked up in the WACC formula.

18. WACC vs. Flow to Equity • The company's cash flows will probably not be forecasted to infinity. Financial managers usually forecast to a medium-term horizon -- ten years, say -- and add a terminal value to the cash flows in the horizon year. The terminal value is the present value at the horizon of post-horizon flows. Estimating the terminal value requires careful attention, because it often accounts for the majority of the value of the company.

19. WACC vs. Flow to Equity • Discounting at WACC values the assets and operations of the company. If the object is to value the company's equity, don't forget to subtract the value of the company's outstanding debt.

20. Using WACC in Practice • Multiple sources of financing • Weighted average of each element • Short term debt • Generally can be ignored • Other current liabilities • Costs of financing • Return on equity can be derived from market data • Cost of debt is set by the market given the specific rating of a firm’s debt • Preferred stock often has a preset dividend rate

21. WACC & Debt Ratios Example continued: Sangria and the Perpetual Crusher project at 20% D/V Step 1 – r at current debt of 40% Step 2 – D/V changes to 20% Step 3 – New WACC

22. Adjusted Present Value APV = Base Case NPV + PV Impact • Base Case = All equity finance firm NPV • PV Impact = all costs/benefits directly resulting from project

23. Adjusted Present Value Example: Project A has an NPV of $150,000. In order to finance the project we must issue stock, with a brokerage cost of $200,000.

24. Adjusted Present Value Example: Project A has an NPV of $150,000. In order to finance the project we must issue stock, with a brokerage cost of $200,000. Project NPV = 150,000 Stock issue cost = -200,000 Adjusted NPV - 50,000 Don’t do the project

25. Adjusted Present Value Example: Project B has a NPV of -$20,000. We can issue debt at 8% to finance the project. The new debt has a PV Tax Shield of $60,000. Assume that Project B is your only option.

26. Adjusted Present Value Example: Project B has a NPV of -$20,000. We can issue debt at 8% to finance the project. The new debt has a PV Tax Shield of $60,000. Assume that Project B is your only option. Project NPV = - 20,000 Stock issue cost = 60,000 Adjusted NPV 40,000 Do the project

27. Adjusted Present Value Example – Rio Corporation APV

28. Adjusted Present Value Example – Rio Corporation APV - continued

29. Next Class • Tuesday, April 17 • Management Compensation – Chapter 12