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Nanotechnology 5 lectures for CLE Spring 2005

2. Dr H. Fearn CSUF Physics. Nanotechnology Lectures Summary. Jan 24th No Lecture. MIT Prof's DVD and handouts.Jan 31st Lecture 1: Feynman's 1959 talk from a 2005 perspective. What nanotech we have now?Feb 7th Lecture 2: What does the future hold

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Nanotechnology 5 lectures for CLE Spring 2005

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    1. Dr H. Fearn CSUF Physics 1 Nanotechnology 5 lectures for CLE Spring 2005

    2. 2 Dr H. Fearn CSUF Physics Nanotechnology Lectures Summary Jan 24th No Lecture. MIT Prof’s DVD and handouts. Jan 31st Lecture 1: Feynman’s 1959 talk from a 2005 perspective. What nanotech we have now? Feb 7th Lecture 2: What does the future hold & can we tell Science fact from fiction? ( pros and cons of our nanotech future.) Feb 14th Lecture 3: Details on Micro-machines, motors and mechanical parts and nano-circuits. Feb 28th Lecture 4: Details on man made cells and AI micro robotics from the biology perspective. Review and Conclusions.

    3. 3 Dr H. Fearn CSUF Physics Further Lectures: Prof. Katherine Kantardjieff Dept of Chemistry and bio-chemistry March 7th and April 4th Lectures. Hopefully, outside speakers for March 14th , March 21st and April 11th , from UCLA. See UCLA page; http://www.cnsi.ucla.edu/mainpage.html

    4. 4 Dr H. Fearn CSUF Physics Lecture 1. Feynman’s 1959 Talk “There’s Plenty of Room at the bottom”. Updated for 2005 http://www.zyvex.com/nanotech/feynman.html AND what nanotechnology is available today? The text of the original talk is available online at www.zyvex.com. Some of my pictures were taken from The book by Ratner and Ratner shown in the image. These lectures are based on the book “Understanding nanotechnology” from the editors of Scientific American, Warner books 2002. ISBN 0-446-67956-9 This small paperback book costs about $12.95, available from amazon.com.The text of the original talk is available online at www.zyvex.com. Some of my pictures were taken from The book by Ratner and Ratner shown in the image. These lectures are based on the book “Understanding nanotechnology” from the editors of Scientific American, Warner books 2002. ISBN 0-446-67956-9 This small paperback book costs about $12.95, available from amazon.com.

    5. 5 Dr H. Fearn CSUF Physics “What I want to talk about is the problem of manipulating and controlling things on a small scale.” As soon as I mention this, people tell me… about electric motors that are the size of a finger nail, and that there is a device on the market which can write the Lord’s prayer on the head of a pin. “But that’s nothing; that’s most primitive” I want to discuss the staggeringly small world below.

    6. 6 Dr H. Fearn CSUF Physics Scale in Pictures. Powers of 10 pictures taken from http://www.powerof10.com/powers/poster.php Scales starts top left with 10^+7 then decreases as you go across the top by a factor of 10 for each picture. The last 4 pictures at the bottom represent length scales of 10^2, 10^1 , 1m and 1 cm ( or 0.1m) for the close up of the hand.Scales starts top left with 10^+7 then decreases as you go across the top by a factor of 10 for each picture. The last 4 pictures at the bottom represent length scales of 10^2, 10^1 , 1m and 1 cm ( or 0.1m) for the close up of the hand.

    7. 7 Dr H. Fearn CSUF Physics Scale in Pictures. Powers of 10 pictures taken from http://www.powerof10.com/powers/poster.php These pictures start at the scale 10^-2 or 0.1cm with the close up of the skin. They decrease by factors of 10 in magnification until you get to individual DNA molecules at the 1 nanometer (1nm) scale.These pictures start at the scale 10^-2 or 0.1cm with the close up of the skin. They decrease by factors of 10 in magnification until you get to individual DNA molecules at the 1 nanometer (1nm) scale.

    8. 8 Dr H. Fearn CSUF Physics The scale of things: 1 nanometer (nm) is approx the width of 10 hydrogen atoms, 30 metal atoms or 1 sugar molecule. 1nm = 1/1000 width of typical bacterium 1nm = millionth the size of a pinhead Why can’t I write the entire 24 vols of the Encylopedia Brittanica on a pin head? Notes taken from the book “ Understanding Nanotechnology”, ISBN 0-446-67956-9, page 6. “Albert Einstein, as part of his Doctoral thesis calculated the size of a single sugar molecule from experimental data on the diffusion of sugar in water. His calculations showed that each sugar molecule measures about 1nm in diameter. Almost 100 years after Einstein’s PhD work the nanometer looms large! If Einstein were a grad student today, his adviser might well say- think small go into nanotechnology. That’s where the future lies.Notes taken from the book “ Understanding Nanotechnology”, ISBN 0-446-67956-9, page 6. “Albert Einstein, as part of his Doctoral thesis calculated the size of a single sugar molecule from experimental data on the diffusion of sugar in water. His calculations showed that each sugar molecule measures about 1nm in diameter. Almost 100 years after Einstein’s PhD work the nanometer looms large! If Einstein were a grad student today, his adviser might well say- think small go into nanotechnology. That’s where the future lies.

    9. 9 Dr H. Fearn CSUF Physics A pin head is 1/16 inch across 1 inch approx. 2.45cm (this is a rough estimate) Magnify the pin head 25,000 times area of pin head is then equal to the area of all the pages of the Encylopedia Britannica. All you have to do is reduce the size of the writing by 25,000 times- that’s all ! Each dot on a page of the Encyclopedia has a diameter 1/120 inch roughly or 0.204mm. De-magnify 25,000 times gives us a diameter 8.2nm or about 30 atoms across in a typical metal (which they use for pins). So there’s plenty of room to write Britannica on a pin head. No problem!!

    10. 10 Dr H. Fearn CSUF Physics “That’s the Encyclopedia Britannica on a pin head, but let’s consider all the books in the world.” Library of congress has approx 9 million vols. British museum has 5 million or so National Library in France has 5 million also There are many duplications so lets guess at 24 million vols. of interest in the world. (no pulp fiction please!) How much space would this take if I de-magnify by 25,000 times? It would take 1 million pin heads of course!! INSTEAD OF 24 VOLS. WE HAVE 24 MILLION VOLS. 1 million pinheads can be put together to form a flat square 1000x1000 pinheads about 3906 sq inches or 36 pages of 12x9inch paper. (36 pages is a small magazine- all the vols. in the world could be written on it) There’s room at the bottom indeed. But is there plenty?

    11. 11 Dr H. Fearn CSUF Physics Why write words when bits will do? In the section on “Information on a small scale” Feynman calculates the number of bits of information there are in all the vols. in the world (assuming they are all as big as a vol. of Encyclopedia Britt.) Bits of information in total. 6 or 7 bits per letter. Allow each bit 100 or 5x5x4 atoms. Using all the bulk volume of the material, not just the surface, then all information in all the vols. in the world can be stored in a cube of material 1/200 inch wide. This is the size of a small grain of dust. There’s PLENTY of room at the bottom!!

    12. 12 Dr H. Fearn CSUF Physics IBM scientists have had some fun manipulating atoms and making pictures! Viewed with an STM. http://www.almaden.ibm.com/vis/stm/atomo.html

    13. 13 Dr H. Fearn CSUF Physics Taken from Nanotechnology by Ratner and Ratner.

    14. 14 Dr H. Fearn CSUF Physics Foresight Foundation Offers $250,000 Feynman Grand Prize for major advances in molecular Nanotechnology. http://www.foresight.org/ Specifications of Prize: Design, construct and demonstrate the performance of a robotic arm that fits inside a cube 100 nm wide. Should be able to manipulate single atoms. Design and demonstrate the performance of a computing device that fits inside a cube no larger than 50nm in any diameter. Must be able to add two 8-bit binary numbers.

    15. 15 Dr H. Fearn CSUF Physics How do we Write small ? “We have no standard technique to do this” Feynman guesses at some methods. that was then this is 2005! Scanning probe devices feel the surface! The AFM -atomic force microscope- moves individual atoms around using the tip of a sharp needle and dip-pin lithography. STM can also move atoms around.

    16. 16 Dr H. Fearn CSUF Physics

    17. 17 Dr H. Fearn CSUF Physics

    18. 18 Dr H. Fearn CSUF Physics Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)

    19. 19 Dr H. Fearn CSUF Physics

    20. 20 Dr H. Fearn CSUF Physics How do we Read small writing? Feynman “How could we read it today?” Paraphrasing: The electron microscope is not quite good enough, it has a maximum resolution of about 1 nm but we would like to see more clearly than that- it would be best to have 100 times better resolution than that. “The wavelength of electrons in such a microscope is about 5 pm (pm=10 to -12 power in meters) so it should be possible to see individual atoms.” this would aid biology and chemistry fields which could advance rapidly if they could only “see” the molecules and chains and how they attach to each other. In 2005, we have new improved devices, and we readily “see” individual atoms. STM scanning tunneling microscope.

    21. 21 Dr H. Fearn CSUF Physics Scanning tunneling microscope STM http://www.iap.tuwien.ac.at/www/surface/STM_Gallery/stm_schematic.htm

    22. 22 Dr H. Fearn CSUF Physics Other methods of writing and reading small, and new physics. Photolithography using hard uv or x-rays (current microchip fabrication uses soft uv light) AFM (laser/cantilever and tip, dip-pen lithography) and STM (piezoelectric and tip kept a fixed distance away from sample- measure current, electron beam from tip) Soft lithography: create elastic stamp to transfer nano-size features onto surfaces. Molecular beam epitaxy: Spintronics - see circuits later Atom-by-atom manipulation (chemistry) And a partridge in a pair tree! Look ‘em up online folks. Good grief I’m not explaining everything! In AFM a cantilever with a fine needle tip attached is deflected by bumps (atoms) in the surface. This deflection is measured by laser beam. The motion of the lever maps out the contours of the surface and thus shows the atomic terrain.In AFM a cantilever with a fine needle tip attached is deflected by bumps (atoms) in the surface. This deflection is measured by laser beam. The motion of the lever maps out the contours of the surface and thus shows the atomic terrain.

    23. 23 Dr H. Fearn CSUF Physics Some Problems in biology and chemistry now answered! Feynman asked what are the most pressing problems in biology today 1959? What are the base sequences in DNA? What happens when you have a mutation? How is the base order in the DNA connected to the order of the amino acids in the protein? What is the structure of the RNA; is it a single chain or double chain and how does it relate to DNA? How are the proteins synthesized? Where do the RNA go? Where do the proteins sit? The amino acids? In photosynthesis, where does the chlorophyll go? What is the system for converting light into energy in plants?

    24. 24 Dr H. Fearn CSUF Physics The human genome is now known. Atoms can be viewed and moved individually.

    25. 25 Dr H. Fearn CSUF Physics It is easy to answer some of these questions. You just look at the thing! In 1959, the microscopes where a bit too crude- not any more. Can physicists do something about chemistry– namely explain synthesis? Is there a physical way to synthesize any chemical substance? Not in 1959, but now 2005 progress is being made in this area.

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    27. 27 Dr H. Fearn CSUF Physics A few nanometer milestones reached see book “Understanding nanotechnolgy” 1959 Feynman’s talk- prospects for miniaturization investigated 1968 Alfred Cho and John Arthur of Bell labs invent molecular –beam epitaxy, a technique to deposit single atomic layers on a surface 1981 Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer create the STM which can image single atoms. Nobel prize. 1985 Robert Curl, Harold Kroto and Richard Smalley discover buckyballs which are about 1 nm in diameter

    28. 28 Dr H. Fearn CSUF Physics …More milestones reached see book “Understanding nanotechnolgy” 1986 K. Eric Drexler publishes “Engines of Creation” a futuristic book about nanotech 1989 Donald Eiger of IBM writes letters “IBM” using single atoms 1991 Sumio Iijima of NEC Japan discovers carbon nanotubes. 1993 Warren Robinett of Univ N Carolina and R. Stanley Williams of UCLA devise a virtual reality system connected to an STM that lets users see and touch atoms 1998 Delft Univ of Technolgy in Netherlands creates a transistor from a carbon nanotube

    29. 29 Dr H. Fearn CSUF Physics … and still more milestones see book “Understanding nanotechnolgy” 1999 James Tour, now at Rice U. and Mark Reed of Yale demonstrate that single molecules can act as switches. (snap a wire then put molecule between STM like tips) 2000 The Clinton administration announces NNI, the National Nantotechnology Initiative- large funding now available for projects in nanotech. 2000 Eigler and other devise a quantum mirage- placing a magnetic atom at the focus of an elliptical ring of atoms creates an mirage atom at the other focus- transmitting info without wires?

    30. 30 Dr H. Fearn CSUF Physics Magic of the ellipse http://ccins.camosun.bc.ca/~jbritton/jbconics.htm Anything put at one focus will tend to move to the other- elliptical pool table, light beams, sound in St. Paul’s cathedral in London UK, whispering gallery. You stand at one focus and you can hear at the other focus, but not well at many places in between. Also Statuary Hall in the US Capital building is elliptic. Elliptical ceiling, Eaves dropping is common!Anything put at one focus will tend to move to the other- elliptical pool table, light beams, sound in St. Paul’s cathedral in London UK, whispering gallery. You stand at one focus and you can hear at the other focus, but not well at many places in between. Also Statuary Hall in the US Capital building is elliptic. Elliptical ceiling, Eaves dropping is common!

    31. 31 Dr H. Fearn CSUF Physics Quantum Mirage phenomenon. http://domino.research.ibm.com/comm/pr.nsf/pages/rsc.quantummirage.html The quantum mirage effect “reflects” information using the wave nature of the electrons rather than transmission of info using electrons in a wire. It has the potential to be able to transfer data within future nano-scale electronic circuits where wires would not work. This would allow miniaturization of circuits well below what is envisioned today. IBM scientists placed a cobalt atom inside the elliptical coral of atoms. They saw the Kondo effect (electrons near the atom align with the atoms magnetic moment effectively canceling it out.) When the atom was placed at the focus of the elliptical coral, a second Kondo effect was observed at the other focus, even though no atom was there. Hence some of the properties (info) carried by an atom is transferred to the other focus. Magic! The Kondo effect is highly localized and easily spotted using spectroscopic techniques. (www.research.ibm.com )The quantum mirage effect “reflects” information using the wave nature of the electrons rather than transmission of info using electrons in a wire. It has the potential to be able to transfer data within future nano-scale electronic circuits where wires would not work. This would allow miniaturization of circuits well below what is envisioned today. IBM scientists placed a cobalt atom inside the elliptical coral of atoms. They saw the Kondo effect (electrons near the atom align with the atoms magnetic moment effectively canceling it out.) When the atom was placed at the focus of the elliptical coral, a second Kondo effect was observed at the other focus, even though no atom was there. Hence some of the properties (info) carried by an atom is transferred to the other focus. Magic! The Kondo effect is highly localized and easily spotted using spectroscopic techniques. (www.research.ibm.com )

    32. 32 Dr H. Fearn CSUF Physics Rather than guys in white overalls why not let the micro machines build themselves By building smaller and smaller versions of robotic arms to move smaller objects around. We envision table top laboratories of the future being able to produce MEMS and nano robots.Rather than guys in white overalls why not let the micro machines build themselves By building smaller and smaller versions of robotic arms to move smaller objects around. We envision table top laboratories of the future being able to produce MEMS and nano robots.

    33. 33 Dr H. Fearn CSUF Physics Rapid Bootstrapping

    34. 34 Dr H. Fearn CSUF Physics The Nanofactory Design of a Primitive Nanofactory — http://www.jetpress.org/volume13/Nanofactory.htmDesign of a Primitive Nanofactory — http://www.jetpress.org/volume13/Nanofactory.htm

    35. 35 Dr H. Fearn CSUF Physics Exponential Doubling

    36. 36 Dr H. Fearn CSUF Physics Exponential Doubling

    37. 37 Dr H. Fearn CSUF Physics Gray -Goo scenario ? Artificial life, nanobots & Borg??

    38. 38 Dr H. Fearn CSUF Physics

    39. 39 Dr H. Fearn CSUF Physics Wait for the next presentation on Future prospects and the pros and cons of nanotechnology.

    40. Dr H. Fearn CSUF Physics 40 The End See you on Feb 7th for Lecture 2: “What does the future hold?”

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