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GNSS IFR Installations & Approvals

GNSS IFR Installations & Approvals. Ron Doggett Aircraft Certification Unit. Contents. GNSS AC Development Installation Requirements and Issues Autopilots & Instrument Switching Other Requirements Flight Testing Future Requirements. GNSS AC Development. Part 19 Sub Part D out of date.

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GNSS IFR Installations & Approvals

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  1. GNSS IFR Installations&Approvals Ron Doggett Aircraft Certification Unit

  2. Contents • GNSS AC Development • Installation Requirements and Issues • Autopilots & Instrument Switching • Other Requirements • Flight Testing • Future Requirements

  3. GNSS AC Development • Part 19 Sub Part D out of date. • GNSS AC is an interim solution until Part 91 Rules are amended by PBN implementation. • Exemptions are required to Part 19 to recognise GNSS(GPS) maturity and enable AC provisions. • CAA 2129 will have operational capability added as Part B. • Goal: draft for public comment by the end of the year.

  4. Installation Requirements • Equipment must be approved for Level 1 (TSO). • Installation must comply with FAA AC 20-138A Airworthiness Approval Of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) Equipment requirements. • TSO C129a equipment requires a pressure altitude input (from an approved source). Recommended for TSO C129 equipment. • Relevant airworthiness requirements must be met.

  5. Human Factors & System Safety Perception… Pilots are cool dudes who can hack anything… - including dealing with bad designs -

  6. Human Factors & System Safety Reality … Design engineers must design for the “inverse” of the perception!

  7. Installation Human Factors • System safety and human factors is not about how easy it is on a good day, but how hard it is to get it wrong on a bad day. Remember - The Domino Theory and Reason’s Swiss cheese are extensions to Murphy’s law – If it can happen, it will and at the worst possible time.

  8. Installation Points • System(s) must be integrated with flight instruments. • Two crew aircraft require integration with both pilot’s flight instruments (FAR 23.1321). • CDUs must be clearly visible under all lighting conditions, and be easily reached. • Dual antenna installations require lateral separation. • Lit panels need to be properly modified.

  9. Autopilots & Instrument Switching • Interface to flight instruments and autopilots has a high human factors risk, particularly for switching and pilot workload. • Clever switching is behind the panel, not in front. • Switching systems must be independently powered. • Autopilots must maintain the aircraft within half the CDI scale on straight segments. • Adjusting CDI scaling from default values for autopilot gain is not permitted.

  10. Poor Installation Examples Pilot View Actual Display Control panels also need to be modified.

  11. Other Requirements • Steering interfaces need output to input compatibility analysis, particularly for analogue systems. • Electrical Load Analysis is required for the aircraft. • GNSS installations are becoming essential systems. • The complete installation must be considered in the assessment, including interfaces to other systems. • Flight Manual Supplements need to address autopilot coupling, if applicable. • ICAW are not optional!

  12. Flight Testing • A formal flight test plan is required. • A risk assessment must be carried out with any identified risks being mitigated or minimised. • Installations that change the instrument arrangement or couple to the autopilot require flight test and pilot workload assessment. • Production installations require flight validation only. • Pilots need to be experienced and rated on the aircraft and the equipment (Refer AC 19-1).

  13. Flight Test Plans • Preamble identifies: • Changes made to the aircraft, prerequisites, personnel requirements, flight profile, etc. • Tests procedures state: • Test objective and pass / fail criteria. • Identifies each process step for the test. • Identifies any data to be recorded by the crew. • Short or generic test specifications are not acceptable.

  14. Operational Approvals • TSO C129 systems require FAA Order 8110.60 approval for oceanic / remote continental use. • For dual installations, the software configuration must be the same. • Operational approval for an aircraft is endorsed on the CAA 2129. • Foreign STC installations will be accepted per Part 21. • Foreign and NZ modifications require CAA inspection and flight test.

  15. Future Requirements • NZ will transition to area navigation with high reliance on GNSS. • Requirements will be defined during PBN implementation activity. • Air transport IFR GNSS will require dual systems fully integrated. • TSO C129 systems will require retention of legacy navigation systems; TSO C145/146 may not.

  16. Any questions?

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