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Early Russian history

Early Russian history. Land of the Rus. St. Petersburg (est. 1703). Kievan period (859-1240). B.C. – Early Slavic peoples occupied area from St. Petersburg to Kiev 9 th . Century – Vikings conquered Novgorod and Kiev, creating State of Rus

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Early Russian history

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  1. Early Russian history

  2. Land ofthe Rus St. Petersburg (est. 1703).

  3. Kievan period (859-1240) • B.C. – Early Slavic peoples occupied area fromSt. Petersburg to Kiev • 9th. Century – Vikings conquered Novgorod andKiev, creating State of Rus • 11th. Century – Heavy trade with Constantinople (Istanbul); Byzantine culture and Christianity introduced • 12th. Century – Moscow established, capital of Moscovy principality • City assemblies – the veche – were the primary bodies of government. • Princes were not all-powerful • Decisions were made democratically by heads of families http://youtu.be/9r_WXKto268 Russia Land of the Czars 1 – 10 mis.

  4. Mongols (1237-1480) toIvan III • 13th. Century – Mongols overrun Rus • Animated map of the Mongol Empire • 14th. Century – Kahn appoints Prince Ivan I of Moscovy (Moscow) Grand-prince, to dominate and collect tribute from other areas • 14th. Century – Prince Ivan II builds army against Mongols • Son, Dmitry I, enjoys victories • Mongols splinter info factions • 15th. Century – Prince Ivan III defeats last of the Mongols • By then theRus – Russia – has split into three parts: • Southeast – Pagan Lithuanians, eventually captured by Poland • Northwest – Novgorod. Politically Kievan until overrun by Moscow • Northeast – Dominated by Moscovy (Moscow) http://youtu.be/haXaD6kuPSU Russia Land of the Czars 2 – 10 mis.

  5. Czarism • Ivan III takes on the unofficial title of Czar –meaning Caesar • Moscow becomes capital of Holy Russian Empire • Moscow rebuilt, splendid churches and palaces • Greater control exercised over serfs – limits placed on leaving for a new noble • 16th. Century – struggle in the Kremlin for supremacy • 1547, Ivan III’s grandson, Ivan IV crowned as Czar, a new official title • Gains total power: conquers principalities, confiscates properties of nobles • Moscovy expands, wages war, becomes an empire by conquest • Ivan IV feels he is being betrayed, turns on top advisors, imprisons, tortures and kills them. His reign of terror earns him the name “Ivan the Terrible.” • Reign of terror costs many lives, weakens Russians, enables Mongols to sack Moscow http://youtu.be/R_MLYEQEkFI Russia Land of the Czars 3 – 10 mis.

  6. Romanov dynasty • Late 16th. Century – Russia loses Northernterritories and access to Baltics in war withSweden • Famines, disease, widespread unrest; Moscovy in political/economic ruin • Crown passes from one man to another, all are killed or deposed • 17th. Century – In 1610 Sweden and Poland invade. Poles capture Moscow. • Two years later a Russian militia of nobles and peasants retakes the city • In 1613 Mikhail Romanov, 16, a distant relative of Ivan IV, is selected as the new Czar • Romanov family became a successful dynasty that lasts three centuries • Serfdom becomes part of social structure • Lesser nobility – the “gentry” – fought the wars. It needs cheap labor • Laws passed that bind peasants to their “masters” creates a class of slaves • Russia begins trading with the West, expands through conquest to the Pacific http://youtu.be/9ggZzZWVXzw Russia Land of the Czars 6 – 10 mis.

  7. Peter the Great • After succession of rulers, Peter I (Peter the Great)becomes Czar • Self-image as a reformer, not a religious figure • Looks to West, not East. • Introduces Western culture • Wants commerce with the West and its technology • But Russia virtually landlocked • To the North: Sweden and Poland block the Baltic • To the South: Ottoman Empire (Turks) holds thewarm waters of the Black Sea • Forms armies, large-scale shipbuilding, creates Navy • Captures outlets to the Black seas, then the Baltic • Builds a new capital – St. Petersburg (1711) • Asserts self over Orthodox Church, becomes Emperor • Dies without naming an heir http://youtu.be/Zfhe4BTp2-g http://youtu.be/0k0O-zsJgrc http://youtu.be/nD_I2nBB5RE Russia Land of the Czars 7- 9 – 30 mis.

  8. Some themes so far... • Climate, agriculture and rural culture • Repression and use of force against the peasantry • Creation of a class of serfs • Expansionism, securing access to Baltic and Black seas • Militarism • Feelings of backwardness • Drive to advance culturally & economically • Czars’ paranoia and use of terror against top aides • Subjugation of Orthodox Church • Consider how these and other factors, and their interplay, might have affected the sociopolitical climate and set the stage for the 1917 Russian Revolution that overthrew the Monarchy and installed a Communist regime • As the term progresses, compare and contrast the behavior of the Czars with that of Communist leaders

  9. Catherine the Great • Throne wound up with an infant • 1741 – Elizabeth, Peter’s daughter, takes over in a coup • Brings over German prince as heir-presumptive (Peter III) • Brings over his second cousin, Sofia, 15, to be his wife • Elizabeth dies in 1761; replaced by Peter III, pro-Prussian • One year later Sofia, renamed Catherine, seizes power • Expands territory all the way to Alaska • Golden Age – art, culture, science • Reform – rule based on law, strengthen local governments, expand education • Champions Age of Enlightenment, where reason rules • Greatly welcomed by the elite, who saw her as one of them • But “unity of culture” broken; gap between wealthy/educated and the peasantry • Russia depends on slave labor – conflicts with newfangled notions of human rights • Catherine depends on nobility – the landowners, the aristocrats – to support her military adventures, does not free the slaves http://youtu.be/Y7l08ARss4s http://youtu.be/MSycdFcog5s Russia Land of the Czars 11, 12 – 20 mis.

  10. From Catherine toAlexander I • In the provinces the serfs grow restless • Demand end to taxation, military conscription • Want to divide up land among themselves • Catherine forcibly puts down a major serf revolt • Russian expansion continues. Catherine captures Black Sea coast from the Ottoman Empire (Turks), takes whole of Crimea in 1784 • Rule eventually stretches from Poland to Alaska • French Revolution of 1789 stirs up Europe; 1793, Louis XVI executed • Catherine realized the Enlightenment may be more than what she bargained for. • 1796 – Catherine dies, son Paul I takes over. Is erratic and paranoid. • 1801 Paul I is assassinated. His son Alexander I takes over over. • 1812 war with Bonaparte of France. Moscow burns, French retreat. 1814 Russia and European allies vanquish Bonaparte, enter Paris. http://youtu.be/8KVnYjamJmY Russia Land of the Czars 13 – 10 mis.

  11. Nicholas I • 1825 – Alexander I dies, brother Nicholas takes over • Insists on an absolute monarchy. • Immediate revolt by military officers, “Decembrists,” who demand a Constitutional Monarchy • Nicholas I forcibly puts down the revolt, uses secret police to quell dissent • Russian elite embarrassed by material and political backwardness. • Russia left out of industrial revolution • 1853 – Crimean War - Russia attacks Ottoman Empire to control the Balkans and Turkey • England and France side with the Turks • Modern tactics and technology –steamship, railroad, advanced arms – defeat the Russians • 1855 – Nicholas I dies. His son, Alexander II takes over. http://youtu.be/Izw29EJvv-g Russia Land of the Czars 15 – 10 mis.

  12. Alexander II –“The Reform Czar” • A realist, he concedes defeat in Crimea • Sets out to modernize Russian society, its economy and Army • Creates Constitutional assembly, makes plans to share power through a Parliament, • Encourages trade, private property, commerce • 1861 – goes against the mobility to emancipate the serfs • Reforms legal codes (Act of 1864) • Separation of powers • Public trials • Trial by jury • Presentation of evidence • Defense counsel • Juries for nonpolitical offenses Cont’d http://youtu.be/8PFQ7Th_rAs Russia Land of the Czars 17 – 10 mis.

  13. Alexander III • Despite Alexander II’s reforms, the economykeeps deteriorating • Serfs go into debt to buy land • Agricultural production plummets • Poverty worsens • Conditions strengthen the hand of the Czar’s opponents • More permissive security climate works to the regime’s disadvantage • 1881 – “People’s Will”, a cell of educated terrorists, murders Alexander II in a suicide bombing • Alexander’s son, Alexander III promptly hangs perpetrators, dials back reforms • abolishes plan for legislature, institutes repressions, relocates Jews to Pale of Settlement • 1887 – Discovery of plot against Alexander III leads to more hangings. One of the executed is the brother of a youth who would later be known as Lenin. “The People’s Will”

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