Sea Power and Maritime Affairs

1. Sea Power and Maritime Affairs Lesson 3: Oceanic Sea Power and the Emergence of European Nation States, 1400s-1763

2. Learning Objectives: • The student will comprehend the importance of sea borne commerce and square-rigged ocean-going merchantmen and warships to Europe's emergence from the Middle Ages. • The student will know the important voyages of discovery and the reasons they were organized. • The student will comprehend the succession of great maritime powers in the 15th through the 17th centuries (Portugal, Spain, the Netherlands, Britain) and the reasons for the rise of each and the decline of all except Britain.

3. Learning Objectives (cont.): • The student will comprehend the causes and significance of the Grand Armada (1586-1588) to include the transition from galley warfare to that between sailing ships mounting cannon in broadsides. • The student will comprehend the important historical events and strategic goals of France and Britain in their confrontations from the late 1600s to 1763. • The student will know the major effects of events in Anglo-French relations on their colonial possessions in North America and around the world from the late 1600s to 1763.

4. What Were Those Themes Again? • The Navy as an Instrument of Foreign Policy • Interaction between Congress and the Navy • Interservice Relations • Technology • Leadership • Strategy and Tactics • Evolution of Naval Doctrine

5. What Were Those Themes Again? • The Navy as an Instrument of Foreign Policy • Interaction between Congress and the Navy • Interservice Relations • Technology • Leadership • Strategy and Tactics • Evolution of Naval Doctrine

6. Review From Last Class: • “Communications dominate war” • What was the primary naval vessel from 2500 B.C. to 1571? • Who were some of the early sea powers in the Mediterranean? • What were some of the major naval actions during the ancient period?

7. Age of Sail The 16th Century through the 19th Century.

8. Why did Western Europe emerge at this time? • There were several reasons that Western Europe became a major player in international trade and commerce: • Dissimilar climate, geography, and peoples • Navigable rivers and surrounding coastal waters • Growth of middle class of artisans, merchants, and tradesmen. • Development of systems of exchange, banking, investment, and insurance. • Rise in disposable income created demands for foods and goods from other continents.

9. Sailing Ships • Galleys useless on Atlantic Ocean due to high sea states and poor weather. • Merchant ships developed into caravels and then galleons. • Forecastles and aftercastles developed. • Initially grappling hooks are used for boarding enemy ships, then cannon are used to attack at longer range. • Improvements in navigation. • Magnetic compass and “dead reckoning” or DR. • Angle of stars above the horizon provided latitude. • Allowed longer voyages away from land.

10. Difficulties of Navigation in the 15th – 18th Centuries: • What is Dead Reckoning • How did mariners find direction? • How did they measure speed? • Finding Latitude: • Required a steady platform and a knowledge of mathematics • Reflecting quadrant – 1731 • Sextant -- 1757 • Finding Longitude: • Utterly impossible for the early mariner • The chronograph was invented in 1761

11. Early Navigational Equipment:

12. A Typical Caravel:

14. The Age of Exploration: Portugal: • Prince Henry “The Navigator” – began exploration of Africa • Bartholomew Diaz – rounded Cape of Good Hope (1486) searching for a maritime route to the Orient • Vasco de Gama – sea route to India (1497) – conflict with Arabs • Cabral – voyaged to Brazil Spain: • Columbus – discovered the Americas (1492) – named for Amerigo Vespucci • Magellan – circumnavigated the Globe (1519-1522) • The Conquistadors: • Balboa – Panama (1513) • Ponce de Leon – Florida (1513) • Cortez – Mexico (1520) – destroys Aztec Empire • Pizarro – Peru (1532_ -- destroys Inca Empire

15. Prince HenryofPortugal “The Navigator”

16. ChristopherColumbus Admiral of the Ocean Seas

17. Spain vs. England (1567-1604): • Spain = Superpower • Conflicts with France for N Europe, Turkey for the Med. • Spanish Netherlands revolts and serves as distraction from quest for Sea Control. • Spanish king, Philip II sends large army to Netherlands, 1566. • England’s options limited, creates “Cold War”

18. King Phillip II & Queen Elizabeth I:

19. The Spanish Armada, 1567-1585

20. 1588 - The Spanish Armada: English Fleet 34 large warships 163 smaller vessels 2,000 guns 16,000 men Advantage: Range/Accuracy of Weapons Maneuverability Leadership Spanish Armada 62 large warships 68 smaller vessels 1,100 guns 27,000 men Advantage: Pounds per Gun - Total weight of broadside. Personnel

21. The English Upper Hand: • Spanish: Duke of Medina Sidonia • English: Charles Howard of Effingham, Lord Admiral of England • Tactics • “Weather Gage” effectively utilized by British. • Held upwind position. • Now able to “off-fight” with longer range guns. • Previously ships had to make physical contact to engage. • Maneuverability now more important. • English had superior seamanship skills.

22. Route of theSpanish Armada:

23. Defeat of the Spanish Armada: • Spanish defeated in English Channel. • Many Spanish ships wrecked in North Sea storm. • Spain and its empire begin a long period of decline. • England begins to establish overseas colonies - America. • English Lesson: • Decisions at sea were henceforth to be reached not by hand-to-hand combat but with naval guns

25. Rise of English Sea Power: • Mid-1500’s - England begins to develop a standing fighting fleet under Henry VIII. • Sea power vital to English (British) victory in a series of conflicts with other European powers: • Spain (1567-1604) • Holland (1652-1674) • France (1689-1815) • English Navy is of primary importance to the defense of England and its growing overseas empire. • Designated Royal Navy in 1660 by King Charles II. • England (including Wales) and Scotland form United Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707 and add Ireland in 1801. • British Empire continues to grow overseas. • Naval tactics developed and formalized.

26. Men of War: • Forecastles and Aftercastles eliminated. • Increased speed and stability. • Multiple decks with gunports. • More guns added. • Full-rigging. • Faster speeds. • Many sailors. • Needed to man sails and guns.

28. And now for todays… POP QUIZ!

29. ARGH! Man the Poop Deck!

30. True or False: The poop deck was used for defecating? FALSE! In naval architecture, a poop deck is a deck that constitutes the roof of a poop cabin built in the aft (rear) part of the superstructure of a ship. The name originates from the Latin puppis, or the elevated stern deck. In sailing ships, with the steerage at the stern, an elevated position was ideal for both navigation and observation of the crew. An urban legend suggests that the name comes from the practice of sailors going to the poop deck to poop, i.e. defecate.[1] This is not correct, since facilities for this purpose were located at the bow (forward end) of the ship. (See head). Only the captain had his private toilet near his quarters, below the poop deck.

33. Men of War: Propulsion: Sail Armament: Guns (Broadside) Formation: Line-Ahead Rate Guns Decks Notes 1 > 100 3 Ships of the Line (Flag) 2 80-100 3 Ships of the Line (Flag) 3 60-80 2 ? Ships of the Line (Private) 4 50-60 1 2 Cruisers (Flag) 5 30-44 1 Cruisers (Frigates) 6 20-28 1 Cruisers (Sloops, Brigs & Schooners)

34. Man of War- Ship of the Line

35. Anglo-Dutch Wars (1652-1674): • Series of three naval wars. (1652-54, 1665-67, 1672-74) • Dutch United Provinces gain maritime trade monopolies. • Use dominant sea power to advantage after independence from Spain in 1609. • Challenged by Cromwell’s England: Builds the Navy • Navigation Act, 1651

36. Anglo-Dutch Wars (1652-1674) • Dutch weaknesses • Dependent upon sea for livelihood • Had to fortify land frontier • Did not have ships of the line • Not tactically savvy (vis-à-vis British)

37. Anglo-Dutch Wars (1652-1674) • English naval tactics developed: “Fighting Instructions” • “Line ahead” formations become standard. • Provides ability to fire “broadsides” at enemy fleet. • Royal Navy debates between Formal and Melee schools. • Dutch loses possessions in North America. • Hudson Valley and New Amsterdam (New York City) • Fatal weaknesses: Dependent on sea, threats from other continental powers, configured for shallow water.

38. Line Ahead Formations: Wind Weather Gage Lee Gage

39. Fleet Advantages • Weather Gage • Held by the upwind fleet. • Ability to determine the time and range of engagement of the enemy fleet. • Lee Gage • Held by the downwind fleet. • Ability to determine the time of disengagement from the enemy fleet.

40. Ships of the Line: • Only heavily gunned ships able to remain in line ahead formation during battle. • Greater than 80 guns required. • Smaller ships (cruisers) detached for patrol, reconnaissance, blockade, and attacks on enemy merchant ships (commerce raiding). • Fleet with better gunnery skills can gain the advantage. • Importance of training sailors to fire guns rapidly and accurately.

41. Continued Development of Formal Tactics: Wind

42. Formal Tactics Wind

43. Formal Tactics Wind

44. Melee Tactics Theory” • To gain the advantage, one needs to concentrate firepower against the enemy fleet. • Allows a superior weight of broadside. • A conterminous line-ahead formation does not allow firepower to be massed. • Must maneuver the fleet to gain the advantage in firepower. • Massing • Doubling • Breaking the Line

45. Melee Tactics: Wind

46. Melee Tactics Wind “Massing”

47. Melee Tactics Wind

48. Melee Tactics Wind “Doubling”

49. Melee Tactics Wind

50. Melee Tactics Wind “Breaking the Line”