The OpenURL and OpenURL Framework: Demystifying Link Resolution

1. The OpenURL and OpenURL Framework: Demystifying Link Resolution CrossRef, DOIs and OpenURL Ed Pentz Executive Director, CrossRef epentz@CrossRef.org Ed Pentz, CrossRef

2. Overview • What is a DOI • Why CrossRef? • Update on DOI developments • How are DOI and OpenURL different? • How do they work together? • What does the future hold? Ed Pentz, CrossRef

3. Always Keep the End User in Mind • “Electronic journals, e-print archives and print journals together are fulfilling the needs of readers. Scientists continue to read and today choose from alternatives that satisfy their specific needs and requirements, particularly to minimize their time and effort.” Carol Tenopir • Collaboration and standards are critical Ed Pentz, CrossRef

4. What is a DOI? • A Digital Object Identifier (DOI), is a unique string that identifies a piece of intellectual content • Prefix is assigned by a Registration Agency (CrossRef) • Suffix is assigned by publisher • DOI is a “dumb” number Ed Pentz, CrossRef

5. DOI Directory http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1038/nature01566 Suffix Prefix http://www.nature.com/cgi-taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/nature/journal/v422/n6932/full/nature01566_fs.html dx.doi.org Ed Pentz, CrossRef

6. Why DOIs are good • A unique, persistent identifier but also… • An actionable identifier – a resolution system with central resolution point • Governance (persistence) • International DOI Foundation (IDF) – policies and standards for general DOI System; interoperability • RAs - services using the DOI System, involved in IDF governance Ed Pentz, CrossRef

7. The DOI Community CERN …and more !! …and more !! …and more !! • Gateway to the DOI world • Develops and maintains • the DOI standard • Develops and maintains the • Handle system upon which • the DOI executes

8. DOI Community Growing • 7 DOI Registration Agencies (including CrossRef) – scholarly publishing, e-learning, UK/EU government, scientific data sets, etc • 3 national libraries joined IDF as consortium • The British Library (UK), Die Deutsche Bibliothek (Germany) and the Koninklijke Bibliotheek (The Netherlands) • DTIC (Defense Technical Information Center) member of IDF • German National Library of Science and Technology (TIB) – project to look at DOIs for scientific data sets • The IDF is not just publishers Ed Pentz, CrossRef

9. CrossRef Mission Statement • To provide services that bring the scholar to authoritative primary content, focusing on services that are best achieved through collective agreement by publishers Ed Pentz, CrossRef

10. What is CrossRef? • Non-profit membership association • DOI Registration Agency for Scholarly Content • Registration of metadata and unique, persistent identifiers • Representation on IDF Board, TWG and RAWG • Reference linking service • Standards and Guidelines • Rules governing metadata and linking • Guidelines – using DOIs in journals and citations Ed Pentz, CrossRef

11. What Does CrossRef do? • Makes reference linking easy and reliable for journals, conference proceedings and books • Technology Infrastructure • Persistent links using DOIs - no broken links in citations or database records (Average half-life of a URL is 44 days) • Publishers update URLs in one location; about 50% of the records in CrossRef have already been updated • Business Infrastructure • Membership agreement sets rules and creates level playing field • Business model neutral! PLOS and BioMed Central are members • no bilateral agreements needed – one agreement allows linking to over 200 publishers Ed Pentz, CrossRef

12. How CrossRef Is Used • By publishers… • Deposit XML metadata for content • Parse references send to CrossRef to get DOIs • Make a reference link by sending the DOI to http://dx.doi.org/ • By secondary databases and A&Is • Links from abstract records to full text • By libraries… • Submit metadata to CrossRef to get DOIs to link to full text (no cost) • Send DOI to CrossRef from local link server to lookup metadata (no cost) Ed Pentz, CrossRef

13. How CrossRef Is Used • Administrative issues with libraries – more automation needed • By end users… • Click on DOI links in online resources (not always aware it’s a DOI or CrossRef-enabled) • Find DOIs using free form at CrossRef site Ed Pentz, CrossRef

14. DOIs in Online Full Text

15. DOIs in Reference Citations

16. DOIs as Article Locators Ed Pentz, CrossRef

17. DOIs in Google Publisher Site Reference to article Ed Pentz, CrossRef

18. Publish Ahead of Print Ed Pentz, CrossRef

19. Current CrossRef Stats • 250 member publishers • 9.1 million DOIs (5 million last year) • 8500 Journals (6500 last year) • Books and conferences starting to be added • 3.9 million DOI clicks in September (7-fold increase since January 02 in DOI use – this is users clicking and traffic to publishers’ sites) Ed Pentz, CrossRef

20. CrossRef Fees • Libraries – free access since May 2003 • Interest in OpenURL integration (DOIs + metadata) • 150+ libraries signed up • Per DOI retrieval fee for members and secondaries will be removed starting in 2004 (revenue from annual membership fee and deposit fee) • DOIs Everywhere is the goal Ed Pentz, CrossRef

21. DOIs and OpenURL • DOI and OpenURL are different types of things with different purposes…but they work together • DOI: unique identifier, standardized metadata, single point of resolution • OpenURL protocol supports a standard way to transport metadata (which can include a DOI) • The OpenURL Framework enables context sensitive linking through Local Link Resolvers • OpenURL is not about unique identifiers and it doesn’t provide resolution Ed Pentz, CrossRef

22. OpenURL and DOIs/CrossRef OpenURL and DOI are complementary technologies • CrossRef helps solve the “appropriate copy” problem by providing a ‘reverse’ DOI lookup (DOI in / meta-data out) http://doi.crossref.org/servlet/query? id=10.1006/jmbi.2000.4282&pid=<USR>:<PWD> • CrossRef offers an OpenURL 1.0 compliant resolver http://doi.crossref.org/resolve?pid=<USR>:<PWD>&aulast=Maas LRM&title= JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY&volume=32 &issue=3 &spage=870&date=2002 (CrossRef returns DOI or will redirect to the target document) Ed Pentz, CrossRef

23. CrossRef/DOI/OpenURL Linking • Two distinct modes of integration: • CrossRef/DOI localization addressing the “appropriate copy” problem • Article-level linking for CrossRef publishers Ed Pentz, CrossRef

24. Local OPAC Aggregator CrossRef/DOI Linking Ed Pentz, CrossRef

25. DOI link DOI Server OpenURL Aware Metadata Server DOI CrossRef, DOI and OpenURL References http://dx.doi.org/ doi=10.1034/j.1399-0039.2000.560502.x OpenURL http://www.sfx.edu/? doi=10.1034/j.1399-0039.2000.560502.x Ed Pentz, CrossRef

26. DOI link Metadata Server DOI Links to Publishers Ed Pentz, CrossRef

27. Local Link Server DOI Server Link Efficiency Publisher Site Publisher Site Publisher Site Publisher Site Publisher Site Publisher Site Publisher Site Publisher Site X 250 sites Ed Pentz, CrossRef

28. Ed Pentz, CrossRef

29. Multiple Resolution • Multiple URLs assigned to one DOI • Metadata labels associated with URLs • Relationships between DOIs captured in metadata • Services associated with a DOI (mirror copies, rights clearing, ordering print) • Local linking servers must be able to take advantage of DOI MR services. Ed Pentz, CrossRef

30. Multiple Resolution XML Ed Pentz, CrossRef

31. Conclusion • Collaboration and standards are crucial to serving end users • DOIs, CrossRef, OpenURLs and local linking servers need to interoperate • In 2004 repeat the successful “appropriate copy” project for multiple resolution • Link resolver vendors, publishers, CrossRef, libraries all need to work together Ed Pentz, CrossRef