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The Rise of Islam

The Rise of Islam. 9/22/14 HIST 1016. Salah al-Din Yusuf b. Ayyub (r. 1174-1193). The Rise of Islam. When we say “the Rise of Islam,” what exactly are we referring to? A religion… A state… A culture… All of the above…. The Great Umayyad Mosque of Damascus. The Origins of I slam.

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The Rise of Islam

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  1. The Rise of Islam 9/22/14 HIST 1016

  2. Salah al-Din Yusuf b. Ayyub (r. 1174-1193)

  3. The Rise of Islam • When we say “the Rise of Islam,” what exactly are we referring to? • A religion… • A state… • A culture… • All of the above… The Great Umayyad Mosque of Damascus

  4. The Origins of Islam • 610 CE: Muhammad receives first revelations from Jibrail • 622 CE: Hijra and foundation of the first Muslim community • 632 CE: Death of Muhammad • Codification of the Qur’an • Spread of Islam Muhammad and Jibrail

  5. Islam, the religion • Monotheism • Shahada: lā ‘ilāha ‘illaAllāh • Abrahamic Religions A gold dinar minted in 696 in Damascus; mihrabin Mosque of IbnTulun, Cairo, 1177; flag of Saudi Arabia

  6. Abraham, Muhammad, and the Kaʿbah Destruction of idols from 11th century manuscript; Muhammad at the Kaʿbah from a 14th century Ottoman manuscript

  7. The Five Pillars of Islam • Shahada: Testimonial of faith • Salat: Prayer, five times a day • Sawm: Fasting during the month of Ramadan • Zakat: Alms-giving (2.5%) • Hajj: Pilgrimage to Mecca once during your lifetime

  8. The sources of Muslim belief • The Qur’an: Codification of revelations • Collected in the decades following Muhammad’s death • Emphasis on oral tradition • Qur’an vs. mushaf • ijazah • Surah: Chapter of the Qur’an, 114 total 9th century Qur’an manuscript; page from an 11th century Qur’an

  9. The Sources of Muslim Belief • Hadith: The Sayings and Doings of the Prophet Muhammad • What Would Muhammad Do? • Isnadand matn • Six “sound/sahih” collections • Sunna: Normative practice

  10. Shariah and Jurisprudence • Fiqh: Jurisprudence • Qiyas: Analogy • Ijmaʿ: Consensus • Madhhab: School of Islamic jurisprudence

  11. Islam as Empire

  12. The Caliphate • Caliph: Deputy • Rashidun/Rightly Guided Caliphs (632-661CE) • Selected from close companions of the Prophet • Umayyad Caliphate (661-750CE) • First hereditary dynasty • ʿAbbasid Caliphate (750-1258CE) Image of Muhammad and the Four Rashidun Caliphs

  13. The Early Caliphate and the Sunni – Shi’ite Divide • ʿAli b. AbiTalib (r. 656-661) • Fitna: disturbance or civil war • Muawiya (r. 661-680) • Imam: leader of the community • Husayn b. ʿAli (626-680) • Battle of Karbala 19th century Iranian depiction of the Battle of Karbala by Abbas al-Musavi at the Brooklyn Museum

  14. The World of Late Antiquity • Byzantine Empire (330-1453) • Sasanian Empire (224-651) • 500BCE – 628CE: Competition between Greco-Roman and Persian empires • Byzantine-Sasanian War (602-628) Relief at Naqsh-i Rustam featuring Roman Emperor Valerian being captured by Sasanian ShahanshahShapur I in 256.

  15. The Arab-Muslim Conquests

  16. Don’t Forget: The Battle of Tours

  17. Arab Muslims and Non-Muslims • Conquering Arabs were a minority in empire • No tradition of empire • Reliance on conquered peoples • Islam, taxes, or the sword • Amsar: Garrison cities • Keep Arabs from allure of Byzantine/Sasanian cities Examples of Byzantine coin and Arab-Byzantine coin

  18. Ahl al-Kitaband Dhimma • Ahl al-Kitab: People of the Book • Dhimma: Protected minorities • Jizya: Poll tax paid by dhimmis • Mawla: Status of clientage • Incentives for both protecting non-Muslim minorities and discouraging conversion. Church of the Holy Sepulchre, Jerusalem

  19. Islam as Culture Civilization facilitated by religion and caliphate Combine Greco-Roman and Persian civilization Connections to China and India People, goods, and ideas flow across empire

  20. Baghdad as the Center of the World • 750: `Abbasid Revolution • Baghdad – founded in 762 • Cosmopolitan capital of `Abbasids • al-Yaqubi (d. 897/8) • Ibn al-Nadim (d. 998) – al-Fihrist

  21. Don’t Forget: Harun al-Rashid

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