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2 nd 9 weeks Study Guide

This study guide covers essential concepts in cell biology and genetics, including respiration, fermentation, diffusion, osmosis, and cell division. Learn about the roles of mitochondria, the importance of water in cells, and the processes of cytokinesis in both plant and animal cells. It also delves into Mendel’s laws of inheritance, DNA structure, gene functions, chromosome theory, and the mechanisms of protein synthesis. With detailed explanations and diagrams, this guide is designed to help students master key topics and succeed in their biology exams.

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2 nd 9 weeks Study Guide

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  1. 2nd 9 weeks Study Guide Dec. 15

  2. 1. • What happens during respiration? • To release energy from glucose

  3. 2. • What happens in the mitochondria during respiration? • Energy is released

  4. 3. • Define fermentation. • Energy being released without oxygen.

  5. 4. • Why is water important for a cell? • Most chemical reactions in cells require water.

  6. 5. • Define diffusion. • Molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

  7. 6. • Define osmosis. • Diffusion of water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane.

  8. 7. • What is passive transport? • Movement of materials through a cell without using energy.

  9. 8. • What happens during cytokinesis in animal cells? • Cell membrane pinches into 2 new daughter cells.

  10. 9. • What happens during cytokinesis in plant cells? • A cell plate is formed in the middle of each cell.

  11. 10. • What forms around the chromatids during mitosis? • 2 new nuclei

  12. 11. • Draw metaphase

  13. 12. • Write the correct order of the cell cycle beginning with interphase. You will need to know what each phase looks like. Highlight your diagrams. • Interphase • Prophase • Metaphase • Anaphase • Telophase

  14. 13. • What does Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment state? • Alleles are inherited by chance or random.

  15. 14. • What does Mendel’s Law of Dominance state? • If a dominant allele is present then it will cover up or mask the recessive.

  16. 15. • What is each rung of the DNA ladder made of? • Pairs of nitrogen bases

  17. 16. • What are genes? • Factors that control traits.

  18. 17. • Calculate the probability as a ratio of offspring of 2 hybrid parents. Dominate: 3 in 4 Recessive: 1 in 4

  19. 18. • Know how to calculate probability as percent of offspring of 2 homozygous animals. Dominant: 100%

  20. 19. • What is the Chromosome Theory of Inheritance? • Genes are carried from parents to their offspring on chromosomes.

  21. 20. • What happens during meiosis? • Chromosome pairs separate and are distributed into new sex cells.

  22. 21. • When sex cells combine, each one contributes how many? • ½ the number of chromosomes in body cells.

  23. 22. • How many chromosomes are in a human body cell? • 46 or 23 pairs

  24. 23. • How many chromosomes are in a human sex cell? • 23

  25. 24. • Where does protein synthesis take place? • On ribosomes in the cytoplasm

  26. 25. • Amino Acids in protein synthesis

  27. 26. • What determines the order of amino acids being formed? • The order of bases along a gene.

  28. 27. • What does messenger RNA do? • Copies coded message from DNA and carries it into cytoplasm.

  29. 28. • What does transfer RNA do? • Carries amino acids and adds them to the growing protein.

  30. 29. • In protein synthesis, what does A-G-U-C-G pair with? • U-C-A-G-C

  31. 30. • Define alleles. • Different forms of genes.

  32. 31. • 2 identical alleles are • homozygous

  33. 32. • 2 different alleles are • Heterozygous.

  34. 33. • Many genes joined together form • Chromosomes.

  35. 34. • Why does height in humans have a variety of phenotypes? • Height is controlled by at least 4 genes.

  36. 35. • Which traits can be altered by the environment? • Height, weight

  37. 36. • What factors can affect a person’s height? • Both genes and environmental factors.

  38. 37. • Why do genetic engineers need to know how to sequence DNA bases? • To produce proteins.

  39. 38. • How is it possible for adults with Down Syndrome to find work? • They receive education and job training.

  40. 39. • Draw a pedigree showing individuals with children. Parents

  41. 40. • How would you know if a trait in a pedigree is sex linked? • Males would not be shown as carriers.

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