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Understanding Gravitational Forces in the Milky Way and Beyond

This content explores gravitational forces and the structure of the Milky Way galaxy, including its relationship to neighboring galaxies in the Local Group and Local Supercluster. It delves into key concepts from Newton's law of gravitation to Einstein's theory of relativity, discussing the principles of universal gravitation, gravitational potential energy, tidal forces, and the characteristics of black holes. The material also covers Kepler's laws of planetary motion and the behavior of celestial bodies under gravitational influence, making complex astrophysics accessible to all.

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Understanding Gravitational Forces in the Milky Way and Beyond

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  1. 5Gravitation

  2. The Milky Way galaxy and the black hole

  3. www.ifa.hawaii.edu/~barnes/ast110_06/bhaq.html

  4. 5-1 The world and the gravitational force • The Local Supercluster • The Local Group The Milky Way and the Andromeda galaxy Cluster: Hydra and Centaurus

  5. 5-2 Newton's law of gravitation Newton (23) —1665

  6. Cavendish’s experiment

  7. Density Profile

  8. 14-3 Gravitation and the principle of superposition

  9. 例5-1A discrete system (5 particles)

  10. 例5-2 A particle and a uniform rod

  11. 14-4 Gravitation near earth’s surface

  12. Three reasons that 1. Earth is not uniform. 2. Earth is not a sphere. 3. Earth is rotating.

  13. 例 5-3 A pulsar 例 5-4 The difference in ag (a) In the vicinity of Earth

  14. (b) A black hole – The tidal force

  15. 5-5 Gravitation inside Earth A uniform shell of matter exerts no net gravitational force on a particle inside it. 例 5-5 Express delivery

  16. 5-6 Gravitational potential energy

  17. Potential energy and force Escape velocity

  18. Some Escape Speeds

  19. 例 5-6 Asteroids

  20. 5-7 Planets and Satellites: Kepler’s Laws 1. The law of orbits. elliptical orbitseccentricitysemimajor(semiminor) axis

  21. 2. The law of areas.

  22. 3. The law of periods.

  23. 例 5-7 Finding the mass: 例 5-8 Comet Halley

  24. 例 5-8 A binary system and a black hole

  25. 14-8 Satellites: Orbits and Energy The potential energy The kinetic energy

  26. The total energy

  27. The elliptic orbits:

  28. 5-9 Einstein and Gravitation • General/special theory of relativity • Principle of equivalence: gravitation and acceleration are equivalent.

  29. Curvature of Space Gravitation is due to a curvature of spacetime that is caused by the masses.

  30. 敬請期待物理 VI–流力

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