1 / 54

廠商的決策

廠商的決策. QUIZ (0302). What explain the slowdown in the labor productivity in the 1970s in US What explains the resurgence of labor productivity since 1995 in US. 公司的目標 : 極大化利潤 ? 所有者與經營者. 目標不同 資訊不對稱 公司治理 當事代理人理論 ~ 管理經濟學 員工分紅成本. 決定產量決策的因素. 預期市場價格 p(q1+q2+, … )~ 市場競爭結構 成本函數 c(q). 市場競爭.

alisa
Télécharger la présentation

廠商的決策

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. 廠商的決策

  2. QUIZ (0302) • What explain the slowdown in the labor productivity in the 1970s in US • What explains the resurgence of labor productivity since 1995 in US

  3. 公司的目標:極大化利潤?所有者與經營者 • 目標不同 • 資訊不對稱 • 公司治理 • 當事代理人理論~管理經濟學 • 員工分紅成本

  4. 決定產量決策的因素 • 預期市場價格p(q1+q2+,…)~市場競爭結構 • 成本函數c(q)

  5. 市場競爭 • 完全競爭: price taker • 獨占: price setter • 寡占: 必須猜測對手產量 • 同質寡占 • 異質寡占: 水平差異, 垂直差異

  6. 成本函數~ch 7在即定生產目標下成本極小

  7. 生產函數F(L,K) • The maximum quantity of outputs a firm can produce given the quantities of inputs that it might employ • 生產管理問題 給定L,K 如何配置 放對的人在對的部門

  8. Why to consider only L, K?

  9. Fix K, one variable input • F(L, K(fixed)) ~short run • Technically efficient

  10. Besanko & Braeutigam/Microeconomics: An Integrated Approach Chapter 6, Figure 06-01 FIGURE 6-1 Technical Efficiency and Inefficiency

  11. 勞動邊際產量 • 邊際報酬遞增: 專業分工 • 邊際報酬遞減 • 總報酬遞減: 人多手雜

  12. Besanko & Braeutigam/Microeconomics: An Integrated Approach Chapter 6, Figure 06-02 FIGURE 6-2 Total Product Function

  13. 邊際產量與平均產量

  14. Besanko & Braeutigam/Microeconomics: An Integrated Approach Chapter 6, Figure 06-03 FIGURE 6-3 Average and Marginal Product Functions

  15. (Figure continues on next slide) Besanko & Braeutigam/Microeconomics: An Integrated Approach Chapter 6, Figure 06-04 FIGURE 6-4 Relationship Among Total, Average, and Marginal Product Functions

  16. Besanko & Braeutigam/Microeconomics: An Integrated Approach Chapter 6, Figure 06-04 continued FIGURE 6-4 (Continued)

  17. 兩投入(L,K)生產函數 • 等產量曲線 (ISOQUANT)

  18. Besanko & Braeutigam/Microeconomics: An Integrated Approach Chapter 6, Figure 06-05 FIGURE 6-5 Total Product Hill

  19. Besanko & Braeutigam/Microeconomics: An Integrated Approach Chapter 6, Figure 06-06 FIGURE 6-6 Isoquants and the Total Product Hill

  20. Besanko & Braeutigam/Microeconomics: An Integrated Approach Chapter 6, Figure 06-08 FIGURE 6-8 Isoquants for the Production Function in Table 6.3

  21. Besanko & Braeutigam/Microeconomics: An Integrated Approach Chapter 6, Figure 06-09 FIGURE 6-9 Economic and Uneconomic Regions of Production

  22. 非經濟區域

  23. 等產量曲線的特性 • 邊際技術替代率(MRTS) • :The rate of which the quantity of capital can be reduced for every one unit increases in the quantity of labor, holding the quantity constant

  24. Besanko & Braeutigam/Microeconomics: An Integrated Approach Chapter 6, Figure 06-10 FIGURE 6-10 Marginal Rate of Technical Substitution of Labor for Capital (MRTSL,K) Along an Isoquant

  25. Besanko & Braeutigam/Microeconomics: An Integrated Approach Chapter 6, Figure 06-11 FIGURE 6-11 Input Substitution Opportunities and the Shape of Isoquants

  26. 邊際技術替代率遞減:MRTS 與MP的關係

  27. 如何描述比較不同產業的要素替代程度? • 不同產業的MRTS?

  28. 替代彈性

  29. Besanko & Braeutigam/Microeconomics: An Integrated Approach Chapter 6, Figure 06-12 FIGURE 6-12 Elasticity of Substitution

  30. 替代彈性的直覺?

  31. Besanko & Braeutigam/Microeconomics: An Integrated Approach Chapter 6, Figure 06-13 FIGURE 6-13 Isoquants for Iron and Vehicle Production in Germany

  32. 特殊的生產函數:完全替代 • 完全替代:替代彈性無限大 • 例子:不同電腦儲存容量

  33. Besanko & Braeutigam/Microeconomics: An Integrated Approach Chapter 6, Figure 06-14 FIGURE 6-14 Isoquants for a Linear Production Function

  34. 特殊的生產函數:完全互補 • 完全互補:替代彈性=0 • 例子:一部車需一個引擎, 四個輪子

  35. Besanko & Braeutigam/Microeconomics: An Integrated Approach Chapter 6, Figure 06-15 FIGURE 6-15 Isoquants for a Fixed-Proportions Production Function

  36. 特殊的生產函數:Cbb-Douglas • Cbb-Douglas 生產函數

  37. Cobb-Doulgas 的替代彈性

  38. Besanko & Braeutigam/Microeconomics: An Integrated Approach Chapter 6, Figure 06-16 FIGURE 6-16 Isoquants for the Cobb-Douglas Production Function

  39. CES生產函數

  40. Besanko & Braeutigam/Microeconomics: An Integrated Approach Chapter 6, Figure 06-17 FIGURE 6-17 Isoquants for the CES Production Function

  41. Quiz 0317 • What two factors does the throughput of an oil pipeline of a given length depend on ?

  42. 規模報酬(returns to scale) • 所有要素增加對產量的影響

  43. Besanko & Braeutigam/Microeconomics: An Integrated Approach Chapter 6, Figure 06-18 FIGURE 6-18 Increasing, Constant, and Decreasing Returns to Scale

  44. Increasing returns to scale

  45. constant returns to scale

  46. decreasing returns to scale

  47. 練習

  48. 邊報酬遞減與規模報酬遞減

  49. Besanko & Braeutigam/Microeconomics: An Integrated Approach Chapter 6, Figure 06-19 FIGURE 6-19 Diminishing Marginal Returns versus Returns to Scale

  50. 技術進步 • 一定數量投入生產更多產量:學習效果 • 中性技術進步: 要素價格不變, 要素投入比不變 • 勞動節省(LABOR-SAVING)型技術進步: 邊際資本生產力上升, 要素價格不變, 多用資本 • 資本節省(CAPITAL-SAVING)型技術進步: 邊際勞動生產力上升, 要素價格不變, 多用勞動

More Related