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Andrea Rossi and Tiziana Pirelli 10 th Meeting of WGCB, Rome, 27 November 2018

Sustainability of biogas and cassava-based ethanol value chains in Viet Nam Key results and recommendations. Andrea Rossi and Tiziana Pirelli 10 th Meeting of WGCB, Rome, 27 November 2018.

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Andrea Rossi and Tiziana Pirelli 10 th Meeting of WGCB, Rome, 27 November 2018

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  1. Sustainability of biogas and cassava-based ethanol value chains in Viet NamKey results and recommendations Andrea Rossi and Tiziana Pirelli 10th Meeting of WGCB, Rome, 27 November 2018 Project “Building Capacity for enhancing bioenergy sustainability through the use of GBEP indicators in Viet Nam and Paraguay” funded by the Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Buildingand Nuclear Safety of Germany (BMUB)

  2. FAO Project in Viet Nam and Paraguay Project duration: 2 years (May 2016 – April 2018) Overarching project goal: • To strengthen the capacity of relevant national institutions and organizations to assess bioenergy sustainability via the GBEP indicators • to use the results of the measurement of the GBEP indicators to inform bioenergy policy-making (within the context of low-carbon development), setting the basis for a long-term monitoring of bioenergy sustainability Implementation Approach: • National Multi-Stakeholder Working groups (MSWGs) established • Measurement carried out by selected national centers of excellence

  3. Project findings: Viet Nam Biogas plants in Viet Nam

  4. Project findings: Viet Nam Biogas at household level:main benefits In households with ADs, biogas provides most of the energy for cooking and is used for heating and lighting as well, displacing traditional biomass and fossil fuels, with multiple benefits, e.g.: • Reduced household expenditures on energy (ind. 11) • Increased access to modern energy services (ind. 14) • Reduced time spent collecting fuelwood (ind. 13) • Reduced exposure to indoor air pollution and to the related health risks (ind. 15) Plus, demand for skilled jobs linked to the construction and operation of ADs, such as masons and technicians

  5. Project findings: Viet Nam Biogas at household level:main challenges and issues • ADs often poorly managed, leading to: • reduced efficiency of the digestion process • excessively diluted digestate, discouraging farmers from transporting it to the field to apply it to the soil, and leading to its discharge into the environment, with negative impacts on water and soil quality • Potential biogas leakages due to cracks in the ADs • Intentional release (or venting) of surplus biogas, which can result in significant methane emissions

  6. Project findings: Viet Nam Biogas at farm and industrial levels • At farm level, ADs mainly used as a waste management strategy and to reduce odor and emissions from pig manure • Only a small fraction of the produced biogas is used, while most of it is vented or flared, with significant GHG emissions

  7. Project findings: Viet Nam Biogas: main barriers to adoption • High building costs of ADs, with longpayback periods • Inability to manufacture appliances and digesters locally • Lack of technical skills in the private sector to install and maintain digesters • Poorly developed biogas-based energy conversion equipment, with low heat conversion efficiency • Limited awareness of available digestate applications and of the related benefits • Lack of institutional coordination among relevant national/local entities and international donors

  8. Project findings: Viet Nam Biogas:main recommendations • Stronger institutional coordination at national level and participation of local and provincial agencies in decision-making • Consultations with - and active engagement of - private sector and NGOs • Improved design of ADs and trainings for farmers on their effective management • Promotion of power generation from surplus biogas at farm and industrial levels • Establishment of micro-financing schemes to support the installation of household ADs

  9. Project findings: Viet Nam Cassava-based ethanol: domestic production and consumption to date • As of December 2017, only 2 plants operating, well below their capacity • Very limited ethanol blending with gasoline (less than 30 000 m3 in 2016) Low ethanol production and consumption due to: • low gasoline prices between 2014 and 2017 • lack of ethanol blending mandate (E5 mandate adopted only in January 2018) • lack of reliable supply of affordable feedstock, e.g. due to long transportation distances

  10. Project findings: Viet Nam Cassava-based ethanol: efficiency and sustainability • Low levels of productivity and efficiency along the supply chain and especially in feedstock production gCO2e/MJ fuel 94.00 38% GHG emissions reductions for cassava-based ethanol compared with gasoline 58.36 Cassava based ethanol Gasoline

  11. Project findings: Viet Nam Cassava-based ethanol: efficiency and sustainability RECOMMENDATIONS: • Use of improved varieties, advanced cultivation techniques and good agricultural practices • Adoption of more efficient processing technologies • Reduced reliance of ethanol plants on coal for their energy needs, in favor of less carbon intensive options (e.g. biogas and other renewables) • Improved logistics of supply chain and reduced transportation distances of feedstock and ethanol

  12. Project findings: Viet Nam Cassava-based ethanol: environmental and social impacts Overall, limited impacts to date due to low levels of production and consumption, e.g.: • Minor income and employment effects (ind. 11, 12) • Negligible impact on consumption of fossil fuels (ind. 20) and minor contribution to energy diversity (ind. 22) • No significant pressures on land / land use (ind. 8), biodiversity (ind. 7), land tenure (ind. 9) and food security (ind. 10)

  13. Project findings: Viet Nam Cassava-based ethanol: impacts of E5 mandate • With implementation of E5 mandate, need for close monitoring of the aforementioned pressures and of the impact of cassava cultivation/harvesting on soil erosion (ind. 2), especially on sloping lands, where sustainable ag. practices should be identified and promoted • However, the large surplus of cassava in Viet Nam, with exports absorbing the vast majority of domestic production, is likely to mitigate these pressures • Nonetheless, to reduce the risk of competition with other cassava uses and of trade-offs with exports, sustainable cassava intensification should be promoted

  14. Thanks for your attention! Thanks for your attention! Viet Nam Report (in English): http://www.fao.org/publications/card/en/c/I9181EN Contact us: GBEP-Secretariat@fao.org

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