Notes – Unit One Measurements and Properties of Materials

1. Notes – Unit OneMeasurements and Properties of Materials

2. Reading Scales accurately precisely • Read scales as ___________ and ___________ as possible; • Use _________ scales; • ___________ between divisions. metric Estimate A. B. C. D. A. B. C. D. 1.1 cm 2.45 cm 3.0 cm 4.76 cm

3. Volume The amount of space an • Definition: _________________________ ___________________________________ • Units: ______ or ______ object or material takes up mL cm3 Read the BOTTOM of the meniscus

4. Calculating VolumeMethod 1: Length x Width x Height • Measure the length, width and height of an object and __________ them together Example: volume of a kleenex box Length = 22.5 cm; Width = 12.0 cm; Height = 7.6 cm Volume = ____________________ = _______ multiply 2052 cm3 22.5 cm x 12.0 cm x 7.6 cm

5. Method 2: Water Displacement • Add enough water to a beaker or graduated cylinder to _____________________ and record the level of the water __________________ • Add the object to the water and record the new water level __________________; • Subtract the ________ volume from the _________ volume _________. completely submerge the object (initial volume A) (final volume B) initial final (B - A) Initial Volume A Final Volume B

6. Water Displacement (con’t) • Example: measure the volume of the dinosaur • Initial volume of water = ___________ • Final volume of water = ___________ • Volume of dinosaur = ______________ = ______ 4.8 mL 5.6 mL 5.6 mL – 4.8 mL 0.8 mL

7. Review • In your own words, what does volume measure? • What method would you use to measure the volume of a rock?

8. Mass amount of matter in an object grams (g) • Definition:__________________________ • Units:__________; Triple Beam Balance 373.3 g Scale reads ____________

9. Practice Problems Measuring Quiz

10. A rectangular solid measures 3.0 cm by 2.0 cm by 1.0 cm. What is the volume of the object? Answer: 3.0 cm x 2.0 cm x 1.0 cm = 6.0 cm³

11. A graduated cylinder initially contains 10.0 mL of water. A gold ring is added to the water, and the water level rises to 13.6 mL. What is the volume of the ring? Answer: 13.6 mL – 10.0 mL = 3.6 mL

12. If a block measuring 2.0 cm x 2.0 cm x 2.0 cm was placed in a graduated cylinder containing 20.0 mL of water, to what level would the water rise? Answer: 2.0 cm x 2.0 cm x 2.0 cm = 8.0 cm³ 20.0 mL + 8 cm³ = 28.0 mL

13. Read the correct volume of water in each cylinder. 53 mL 46 mL 2.8 mL A._______ B._______ C._______

14. cm What is the length of the black object? A. __________ To what measurement is the blue arrow pointing? B. __________ 41.62 cm 4.20 cm

15. What is the initial volume of water in the cylinder? __________ • What is the final volume of water in the cylinder? __________ • What is the volume of the fish? __________ 32 mL 38 mL 6 mL

16. Graphing Basics Independent vs. Dependent Variables Graph Scales

17. Independent vs. Dependent Variables • Scientists use an experiment to search for ______________________________ in nature. They design an experiment so that changes to one factor cause a predictable change to another. • These changing factors are called __________. Two kinds of variables are ____________ and _____________. cause and effect relationships variables dependent independent

18. changed by the scientist The independent variable is the one that is __________________________. To ensure a fair test, a good experiment has ___________ independent variable. As the scientist changes the independent variable, he observes the effect on the dependent variable. The dependent variable ____________ the independent variable. only ONE depends on

19. For example, if you drop a tennis ball from increasing heights, the rebound height changes in response--you observe the higher the drop height, the higher the rebound height. The scientist changes the drop height, so this is the ___________ variable. The rebound height is the _________ variable. independent dependent

20. I = independent D = dependent D _____Height ball bounces _____Height ball is dropped from _____Heating time _____Temperature of liquid _____Intensity of odor _____Distance you stand from perfume vial I I D D I

21. I = independent D = dependent I _____Amount of water given _____Growth rate of plant _____Flowrate of water _____Opening of faucet valve _____Weight of pendulum _____Period of pendulum swing D D I I D

22. Graphing Rules: • Use pencil! • Include a TITLE. • Graph the INDEPENDENT VARIABLE on the X-axis (horizontal ); • Graph the DEPENDENT VARIALBEon the Y-axis (vertical ) • LABELeach axis with both the NAME OF THE VARIABLEand the UNITS;

23. Graph Scales • Make your scales EASY to use. • Scale increments must be CONSISTENT. • Use up as MOST OF THE GRAPH SPACE. • Increase to the top and to the right. • Scales do not need to start at zero. • Scales do not have to be the same on both axes. 0 5 10 15 20 0 3 6 9 12 YESNO 0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 20 30 YESNO

24. Draw a BEST-FITCURVEshowing the TREND OF THE DATA. Do not draw dot-to-dot curves. YES NO • If more than one curve is on the same graph, you must include a KEY.

25. Notes - Density

26. Density - Definition • Mass per unit volume of a substance Think of density as the amount of matter that is packed into a given volume More Dense Less Dense

27. Calculation and Units • Density = Mass__ Volume • Units = units of mass = g_ or g_ units of volume mL cm³

28. Sanchez Circle M V D

29. Density and Floating • If an object floats in water, it is LESS dense than water (D < 1.0 g/mL) • If an object sinks in water, it is MORE dense than water (D > 1.0 g/mL)