19 June 02

1. United Nations Civil Military Coordination Course Characteristics of Military Culture 19 June 02

2. OBJECTIVE Familiarize the audience with the military culture, customs, structure,and capabilities. In addition provide a background of US Military involvement in disaster/emergency situations.

3. Outline • Structure • Culture • Mission • Constraints • Coordination • US Military

4. Military Structure • Military forces vary in structure and mission, but are all organized along similar lines • Uniforms, insignia and medals • Weapons • Command, staff, forces • Army, navy, air force, and others (coast guard, security, emergency response, etc.) • Most militaries have the primary mission of war-fighting (defense or offense) • Secondary missions now span the operational spectrum of peace and war

5. Organizational Culture • Highly structured, hierarchical • Chain-of-Command/leadership • Authoritarian • Who’s in charge? • Non-democratic • Goal-oriented • What’s the mission? (both specified and implied) • Rules, regulations and doctrine • Standardization • Process and scheduling are adhered to • “Battle Rhythm”

6. Organizational Culture • Training priority is combat readiness • Battle skills • Physical fitness • Equipment maintenance/operation • Respect for rank, tradition, physical and mental toughness, and age • Strong desire to control • Highly competitive

7. Organizational Culture • Leaders are taught to be assertive, decisive, tenacious, and confident • “Make a decision and make it now!” • Non-conformity is avoided • Trained to be insensitive (important for battlefield survival) • Trained to be secretive (for operational security) • Operational security concerns lead to a reluctance to share information about planned activities • In-depth information of civilian activities is expected to be provided

8. Mission • Orders • Mission statement • End State • Mission Creep • Force Protection • Comparatively high standard of support, number of personnel • Self-sustaining and self-reliant as possible • Logistics can be used to assist dislocated civilians • Standard of support is based on national policy • Unit Types

9. PRE-CONFLICT CONFLICT POST-CONFLICT COMBAT OPERATIONS PEACETIME OPERATIONS PEACETIME OPERATIONS Spectrum of war-peace

10. Military Constraints • International constraints: • Law of Land Warfare • Geneva and Hague Conventions • Other treaties • National Constraints: • Law • Civilian control • Internal Constraints: • Rules of Engagement (ROE) • Doctrine, Regulations • Culture

11. Coordination: Meetings • Highly structured, efficiently managed, succinct presentations • In meetings with relief personnel the military will expect resolution • Military personnel may attempt to assert leadership if leadership seen as weak in or inefficient • A perceived lack of progress may lead to frustration, loss of interest, or nonparticipation • Assignment of specific responsibility • Perceived efficiency, organization, responsibility, or competence elicits a positive reaction • Operational weakness elicits harsh judgment

12. US Military Structure

13. Chain of Command • The US Department of Defense receives direction from National Command Authorities (NCA- the President of the United States, and Secretary of Defense) • NCA direction is passed to the Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS) • Consists of the Chairman and the chiefs of staffs of various services (Army, Navy, Marines, Air Force) • The Chairman directs the geographic commanders to carry out operational activities

14. Chain of Command • The US military divides the world up into five areas of responsibility (AORs): • Southern Command (SOUTHCOM) • European Command (EUCOM) • Pacific Command (PACOM) • Central Command (CENTCOM) • Northern Command (NORTHCOM • Each AOR has a ‘Combatant Commander’

15. Structure US Southern Command USSOUTHCOM USARSO NAVSOUTH MARFORSOUTH USAFSOUTH SOCSOUTH

16. CINC Authority During Humanitarian Relief Operations • Combatant Commanders are responsible for all US military operations within their AOR • Combatant Commanders are legally authorized to take unilateral action on what they deem to be a humanitarian relief situation • NCA guidance is almost always sought • Coordinate with the US ambassador(s) required

17. Humanitarian Assistance Survey Team (HAST) • Combatant Commanders may deploy a HAST to assess existing conditions after a disaster and determine the need for military forces • HAST focus: • Requirements for military support to the relief effort • Ability of affected country to handle follow-on military forces (e.g. airport or seaport capabilities) • Works with Department of State assets • Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance (OFDA) • Disaster Assistance Response Teams (DART) • Embassy Country Team

18. Joint Task Force (JTF) • The Combatant Commander typically sets up a JTF for the field management of large military activities • JTF is established when: • Mission involves two or more military services on a significant scale • Requires close integration of effort to meet specific military objectives • The JTF commander answers to the US Ambassador(s)

19. Joint Task Force (JTF) • No Set Organization • Mission Dependent

20. Joint Task Force (JTF) • Operation Sea Angel (Bangladesh) • Operation Restore Hope (Somalia) • Operation Fuerte Apoyo (CENTAM) • Operation Provide Refuge (Kosovo/Ft Dix) • Operation Fundamental Response (Venezuela)

21. Joint Task Force (JTF) (USAF ASSETS) C-130 C-141 C-17 C-5 C-17

22. Joint Task Force (JTF) (ROTARY-WING AVIATION) UH-60 UH-1H CH-47 CH-46

23. Joint Task Force (JTF) (ENGINEERS) • Mobility • Well Drilling • Prime Power • Vertical Construction

24. Joint Task Force (JTF) (MEDICAL) • Public Health Assessments • Epidemiology • Post - Traumatic Stress • Treatment and Evacuation • Industrial Hygienists • Medical Logistics • JTF Support

25. Joint Task Force (JTF) (ROWPU)

26. Joint Task Force (JTF) (FORCE PROTECTION) • MILITARY POLICE • INFANTRY • HOST NATION

27. Civil Military Operations • CIVIL AFFAIRS PERSONNEL • CMOC

28. Civil Affairs (CA) Personnel • Capable of supporting humanitarian assistance operations in many functional areas • Serve as CJTF’s primary advisor on impact of military activities on the civilian sector (or vice versa) • Provide a primary military liaison with local civil authorities in affected country

29. Civil Military Operations Center (CMOC) • The JTF normally interacts through the CMOC with various civilian agencies • Host nation (HN) • Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) • International organizations (IOs) • Other names (CIMICC, HACC, HOC, OSOCC …) • CMOCs are established, as needed • May be military or civilian-run • UN may take the lead role • US Civil Affairs (CA) personnel represent the JTF

30. Psychological Operations

31. Psychological Operations (PSYOP) Personnel • PSYOP units convey messages and themes intended to have an impact on selected target audiences • Objective: to influence behavior and attitudes and constrain undesired actions • Provide CJTF with analysis and effectiveness of campaigns and operations • Provide language capability and equipment

32. CONCLUSION THE MILITARY BRINGS DISCIPLINED PROFESSIONALS, SECURITY, COMMAND AND CONTROL ASSETS, AS WELL AS A ROBUST LOGISTICAL CAPABILITY TO EMERGENCY SITUATIONS. DON’T BE AFRAID TO WORK WITH US, WE ARE ALL IN THE SAME BUSINESS OF SAVING LIVES.

33. Questions? http//www.southcom.mil/ LTC JERRY TIMONEY USARSO, G3, H&CA DIV. (787) 707-5737 timoneyg@usarso.army.mil