Understanding Prejudice and Conformity in Psychology

Step Up To: PsychologyJohn J. Schulte, Psy.D.&Jason S. Spiegelman, M.A., ABD Hockenbury & Hockenbury Psychology 6e Worth Publishers (2013)

Chapter 12: Social Psychology Understanding Prejudice and Conformity Attribution Obedience Person Perception Helping Behavior

Person Perception: Forming Impressions of Other People 500 400 300 200 100

Attribution and Attitudes 500 400 300 200 100

Understanding Prejudice and Conformity 500 400 300 200 100

Obedience: Just Following Orders 500 400 300 200 100

Helping Behavior and the Influence of Groups 500 400 300 200 100

1. __________ refers to the effects of situational factors and other people on an individual’s behavior. • A) Social psychology • B) Social influence • C) Social cognition • D) Social constructs

2. Social __________ is a type of mental shortcut that we use to cluster people into groups on the basis of their shared characteristics. It is often an automatic and unconscious process. • A) categorization • B) clustering • C) personifying • D) glossing

3. No one suspected that the clown visiting sick children in the hospital was serial killer John Wayne Gacy. He just wasn’t that “type” of person. This illustrates: • A) expectation evaluation. • B) social cognition. • C) trait theory of personality. • D) implicit personality theory.

4. Kristi is sitting alone on the bus. She feels uncomfortable when the bus stops and only one person gets on and sits next to her. Her discomfort is, in part, caused by: • A) social influence. • B) social norms. • C) person perception. • D) implicit personality theory.

5. Which of the following is not one of the basic principles of person perception? • A) Your reactions to others are determined by your perception of who they are, not by who they really are. • B) Your goals in a situation determine the amount and kinds of information you collect about others. • C) Your self-perception is not involved in the way in which you perceive others. • D) In every situation you evaluate people partly in terms of how you expect them to act.

6. “That guy who just cut me off on the highway must be a real jerk!” This statement best demonstrates the: • A) just-world hypothesis. • B) actor-observer discrepancy. • C) fundamental attribution error. • D) self-serving bias.

Culture plays a large role in the attributions that we tend to make. For example, Japanese students tend to make _______ attributions when they fail an exam, while American students tend to make ________ attributions in the same circumstance. • A) external; internal • B) positive; negative • C) internal; external • D) negative; positive

8. Attitudes are comprised of three different components. Which of the following is not one of those three? • A) behavioral component • B) cognitive component • C) diathesis component • D) affective component

9. When you behave in a way that is in conflict with your attitude, you experience: • A) behavioral reassessment. • B) thought confusion. • C) attitude adjustment. • D) cognitive dissonance.

10. Which of the following conditions does not inspire people to behave in ways that are consistent with their attitudes? • A) When we are exposed to media sources that challenge our attitude. • B) When the attitude is based on direct experience. • C) When the attitude is extreme or frequently expressed. • D) When you are very knowledgeable about the topic of the attitude.

11. Prejudice is best defined as: • A) taking negative action toward people who belong to a different social group. • B) speaking badly about people who belong to a different social group. • C) a negative attitude toward people who belong to a specific social group. • D) all of the above.

12. What was the main task of the Solomon Asch experiment exploring conformity? • A) selecting matching colors • B) choosing line sizes • C) administering electric shocks • D) pretending to be prison inmates or guards

13. Nick says that all women are bad drivers. His social categorization of women based on one common attribute (being female) is an example of a(n): • A) in-group classification. • B) out-group classification. • C) stereotype. • D) cognitive dissonance.

14. This study demonstrated that cooperation among group members can lessen prejudice. • A) The Stanford Prison Experiment • B) The Jigsaw Classroom Experiment • C) The In-group Out-group study • D) The Robbers Cave Experiment

15. When an individual decides to change their behavior to win the approval or social acceptance of others, (s)he is being affected by: • A) ethnocentric pressure. • B) biased conformity. • C) informational social influence. • D) normative social influence.

16. The results of Stanley Milgram’s research into obedience found that: • A) the subjects who continued knew it wasn’t real. • B) most subjects discontinued when shock levels became extreme. • C) subjects had to be threatened to deliver dangerous levels of shock. • D) most subjects continued to deliver the highest level of shock.

17. Who was the only person in the Milgram Obedience study to receive an actual electric shock? • A) Stanley Milgram • B) The “learner” • C) The “teacher” • D) The “experimenter”

18. Which of the following was not one of the forces that influenced the obedience of subjects in Milgram’s studies? • A) the amount of physical separation from the “learner” • B) the context in which the obedience occurred • C) increasing the pay offered to the “teacher” • D) gradual, repetitive escalation of the task

19. Which of the following variations of Milgram’s obedience study resulted in the fewest “teachers” delivering the maximum shock (450 volts) to the learner? • A) The teacher was free to choose the shock level. • B) The teacher and learner were in the same room. • C) The teacher was male and the learner was female. • D) The teacher was clearly much younger than the learner.

20. Based on the results of the Stanford Prison Experiment, what might we have been able to predict about the treatment of prisoners at Abu Ghraib? • A) Implied social rules and norms can be just as powerful as explicit orders. • B) People will follow the direct orders of a superior when in the military. • C) We will easily scapegoat those different from ourselves. • D) People cannot resist pressure to perform evil action.

21. The “bystander effect” has been used as an explanation for why nobody came to the immediate aid of __________, who was stabbed to death in New York City. • A) Betty Zimbardo • B) Shelby Milgram • C) Sheila Asch • D) Kitty Genovese

22. According to studies done on helping behavior, if you want to collect for a charity, the person most likely to give would be: • A) Joe, who was just told by his boss that he is receiving a promotion. • B) Mary, who has $100 in her pocket. • C) David, who just lost a tennis match. • D) Sarah, who has never given before.

23. When students are required to work together on a group project, one member of the group often slacks off. This is an example of: • A) social facilitation. • B) in-group norming. • C) social loafing. • D) the bystander effect.

24. In which of the following countries is social striving least likely to be seen? • A) Israel • B) The United States of America • C) China • D) Japan

25. A professional golfer like Tiger Woods seems to thrive under pressure. When there are thousands of people watching, he always seems to make a clutch putt. Which social psychological concept explains this trend? • A) deindividuation • B) altruism • C) social facilitation • D) bystander hindrance

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