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CHAPTER 4 Cells and Energy

CHAPTER 4 Cells and Energy. 4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP 4.2 Overview of Photosynthesis 4.4 Overview of Cellular Respiration 4.6 Fermentation. I. Chemical Energy and ATP. The chemical energy used for most cell processes is carried by ATP ATP stands for adenosine triphosphate

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CHAPTER 4 Cells and Energy

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  1. CHAPTER 4 Cells and Energy 4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP4.2 Overview of Photosynthesis 4.4 Overview of Cellular Respiration 4.6 Fermentation

  2. I. Chemical Energy and ATP • The chemical energy used for most cell processes is carried by ATP • ATP stands for adenosine triphosphate • 2. ATP is the molecule that transfers energy from • the breakdown of food molecules to cell processes • 3. The energy of ATP is released when a phosphate • group is removed • 4. When the phosphate is removed energy is • released and ATP becomes ADP

  3. B. Organisms break down carbon based molecules to produce ATP 1. Carbohydrates and lipids are the most important energy sources in the food we eat. 2. This energy is only useable after it is broken down by digestion. 3. Carbohydrates are the molecules that most commonly are broken down to make ATP, yet they do not provide the largest amount of ATP : 36ATPs 4. Lipids store the most energy and can be broken down to make 146 ATPs I. Chemical Energy and ATP

  4. I. Chemical Energy and ATP C. A few types of organisms do not need sunlight and photosynthesis as a source of energy. 1. Most organisms rely directly or indirectly on sunlight and photosynthesis as their source of chemical energy. 2. Chemosynthesis is a process by which some organisms use chemical energy instead of light energy to make energy storing carbon

  5. 4.1 SECTION REVIEW How are ATP and ADP related? 2. What types of molecules are broken down to make ATP? Which noes are most often used to make ATP? 3. How do lipids and carbohydrates differ in ATP production? 4. How are some organism able to survive without photosynthesis and sunlight?

  6. A. Photosynthetic organisms are producers 1. Producers are organism that make their own food Also known as autotrophs. 2. Producers include plants, some bacteria and certain protists 3. Photosynthesis is the process that captures energy from the sun to make sugars Photo = light Synthesis = to make 4. Chlorophyll is a special pigment in the chloroplasts that absorbs some of the energy in visible light II. Overview of Photosynthesis

  7. B. Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts. 1. Chloroplasts are the membrane-bound organelles where photosynthesis takes place in plants are found mainly in the leaves 2. There are two main parts of the chloroplasts a. The grana - stacks of membranes known as thylakoids b. The stroma-fluid that surrounds the grana II. Overview of Photosynthesis

  8. 3. There are two reactions in photosynthesis a. The light dependent which captures energy from the sun and takes place in the thylakoid membrane b. The light independent reaction or the Calvin cycle that makes sugar and occurs in the stroma II. Overview of Photosynthesis

  9. OVERVIEW OF PHOTOSYNTHEIS- Another View

  10. II. Overview of Photosynthesis ** 4. The LightDependent reaction captures energy from sunlight take place in thylakoids water and sunlight are needed chlorophyll absorbs energy energy is transferred along thylakoid membrane then to light-independent reactions or Calvin cycle oxygen is released

  11. 5. The Light Independent Reactions or Calvin Cycle • fix CO2 to make sugars • take place in stroma • needs carbon dioxide from atmosphere • use energy to build a sugar in a cycle of chemical reactions II. Overview of Photosynthesis

  12. granum (stack of thylakoids) 1 chloroplast sunlight 6O2 6H2O 2 energy thylakoid stroma 6CO2 1 six-carbon sugar C6H12O6 3 4 • The equation for the overall process is: Light + 6CO2+ 6H2OC6H12O6 + 6O2 Light + Carbon Dioxide + Water  Glucose + Oxygen II. Overview of Photosynthesis

  13. What is the role of chloroplasts in photosynthesis? What is the job of chlorophyll 3. Identify the two main stages of photosynthesis and where they happen? Briefly state what happens in the first stage of photosynthesis. Briefly state what happens in the second stage of photosynthesis. 4-2 SECTION REVIEW

  14. mitochondrion animal cell A. Cellular respiration makes ATP by breaking down sugars 1. Cellular respiration releases chemical energy from sugars and other carbon based molecules to make ATP when oxygen is present 2. It is an aerobic process since it needs oxygen. 3. It takes place in the mitochondrion- power house 4. Mitochondria do not make ATP from food directly 5. Food is broken down into smaller molecules first such as glucose III. Overview of Cellular Respiration

  15. 6. Glucose is then broken down in a process known as glycolysis III. Overview of Photosynthesis • anaerobic process (does not require oxygen) • takes place in cytoplasm • splits glucose into two three-carbon molecules • produces two ATP molecules • Glyco = sugar • Lysis = to split

  16. B. Cellular Respiration is like a mirror image of photosynthesis 1. There are two major aerobic events a. The Krebs Cycle or Citric Acid Cycle b. The Electron Transport Chain (ETC) III. Overview of Cellular Respiration

  17. III. Overview of Cellular Respiration 2. The Krebs cycle transfers energy to an electron transport chain. • takes place inmitochondrial matrix • breaks down 3-carbonmolecules from glycolysis • Produces NADH and FADH2, energy carriers • Releases CO2, a waste product • Produces ATP • AKA Citric Acid Cycle

  18. III. Overview of Cellular Respiration* Krebs Cycle 3. The electron transport chain produces a large amount of ATP • takes place in inner membrane • energy transferred to electron transport chain • oxygen enters process • much ATP is produced • water released as awaste product

  19. III. Overview of Cellular Respiration • The equation for the overall process of respiration is: • C6H12O6+ 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP • Glucose + Oxygen  Carbon Dioxide + Water + ATP • The reactants in photosynthesis are the same as the products of cellular respiration

  20. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND CELLULAR RELATIONSHIP

  21. 4.4 SECTION REVIEW What is the connection between cellular respiration and glycolysis? Identify the two aerobic stages of cellular respiration and name where in the cell they occur Identify the reactants for cellular respiration. Identify the products. Describe the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration.

  22. A. Fermentation allows glycolysis to continue IV Fermentation • 1. Fermentation is an anaerobic process. • occurs when oxygen is not available for cellular respiration • does not produce ATP There are two main types : alcoholic and lactic acid

  23. 3. Lactic Acid Fermentation carried out bacteria and • human muscle cells • Used to make yogurt, cheese, pickles, kimchi IV. Fermentation • Alcoholic Fermentation carried out by yeast and • certain plants • Used in the brewing and baking industry

  24. SECTION 4-6 REVIEW What is the relationship between glycolysis and fermentation? Identify the main types of fermentation and the organisms that carry it out? How are lactic acid fermentation and lactic acid fermentation similar? How are they different? Compare and contrast cellular respiration and fermentation.

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