“وقل رب زدنى علماً”

2. بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم “وقل رب زدنى علماً” صدق الله العظيم

3. Teletraffic Analysis of the Next-generation Integrated Terrestrial/satellite Mobile Radio Networks • By: • Waleed Eid Al-Hanafy • B.Sc., Electrical Communications Engineering • SUPERVISORS: • Dr. Sami A. El-Dolil • Assoc. Prof., Menoufia University, Faculty of Electronic Engineering • Dr. Mostafa A. Nofal • Assoc. Prof., Menoufia University, Faculty of Electronic Engineering

4. Objective of the Thesis • Investigation of the integration between terrestrial mobile systems and satellite networks. • Implementation of integrated space/terrestrial cellular model with different handoff priority schemes for global mobile communications. • Mixing data and voice services over the proposed global model.

5. OVERVIEW OF MOBILE RADIO SYSTEMS

6. Evolution of mobile communication systems • First generation - Analog techniques (TACS, AMPS, JMPS, NMT) - Limited capacity • Second generation - Digital technology (GSM, DECT, CT2, ERMES) - Increased system capacity and introduced more service features - Improved system quality and significant reduction in system cost

7. Third generation - Multimedia applications features - Trend towards globalization (communications anywhere-anytime) - Provide personal services independently of the kind of network access (PSTN, cellular, satellite, etc.) • The role of satellite - Complements terrestrial coverage areas, e.g., coverage of ships, aircraft and users in rural areas (maritime and aeronautical services) - It is crucial to support the global roaming feature - The main problem in satellite system design is the efficient use of two critical satellite resources (bandwidth and power)

8. Integration between terrestrial and satellite systems

9. Design concepts of cellular mobile radio systems: 1- Frequency reuse It is the basic idea of the cellular concept K=7

10. R D The carrier-to-interference ratio The frequency reuse ratio

11. 2-Cell splitting

12. 3-Sectorization and trunking efficiency Sectorizing a cell produces two effects: First, reduces cochannel interference (i. e., improved the C/I ratio) Second, reduces trunking efficiency With C/I ratio of at least 17 dB, an omnidirectional system requires K=7, a three-sector system requires K=4, and a six-sector system requires K=3

13. Space-based systems • Satellite orbits - Geosynchronous orbit - Inclined orbit - Elliptical orbit • Satellite altitude - LEO - MEO - GEO

14. GEO Vs LEO GEO disadvantages: - 240-270ms for one-way propagation delay - Lack of coverage at far northern and southern latitudes (unachievable required elevation angles “ >40° ” even at latitudes as close to the equator as 45°) - Spacecraft design constraints such as antenna size Orbit choice limitations: Van Allen radiation belts ranging from about 1,500 to 5,000 km and from 13,000 to 20,000 km

15. Satellite constellations - Orbital altitude - Minimum elevation angle

16. The satellite altitude Vs radius of the earth coverage

17. The coverage surface area Vs satellite altitude

18. Mobile radio channel characteristics Free space propagation model: Satellite communication Short line-of-sight radio links 20 dB/decade path-loss slope Mobile propagation model: 40 dB/decade path-loss slope Where, m(t) is called local mean, also called slow fading, long-term fading, or log-normal fading The factor r0 is called multipath fading, short-term fading, or Rayleigh fading

19. Short-term fading Rician fading: Direct wave path (path clear from the terrain contour) Line-of-sight path (path clear from buildings) Rayleigh fading: Out-of-sight condition

20. The Rayleigh fading

21. MOBILITY MANAGEMENT IN MULTILAYERED SYSTEMS

22. Global system design criteria : Global coverage LEO or GEO satellite constellations Different user’s densities Multilayered system Handoff priority verification Different H.O schemes

23. Handoff priority schemes • Reserved channel scheme • N-times retry scheme • Queuing scheme • Sub-rating scheme

25. Handoff management • Horizontal handoff Handoff between cells in the same layer • Vertical handoff Handoff between cells in different layers

26. MODELING AN INTEGRATED SPACE/TERRESTRIAL CELLULAR SYSTEM

27. Model description :

28. Call Blocking Call arrival New call handling

29. Call Forced Termination Call arrival Handoff call handling

34. Performance analysis • Microcell level: • Arrival call rates

35. Channel holding time State-transition diagram

36. State-transitions probabilities Probability of finding no channel being busy Probability of finding j-channels being busy

37. Performance measures

38. Macrocell level: • Arrival call rates

39. Channel holding time State-transition diagram

40. Performance measures

41. Spotbeam cell level: • Arrival call rates

42. Channel holding time State-transition diagram

43. Performance measures

44. Users classification • Terrestrial-only users, who access only the terrestrial • subnetwork at the microcell and macrocell layers. • Satellite-only users, with access only to the satellite sub network. • Dual-mode users using dual-mode telephone sets, to enable them to access both the terrestrial and the satellite sub network.

45. Terrestrial-only users The overall blocking and handoff failure probabilities are: The weighted blocking and handoff failure probabilities are:

46. Satellite-only users The overall and weighted blocking probabilities are: The overall and weighted handoff failure probabilities are:

47. Dual-mode users The overall blocking and handoff failure probabilities are: The weighted blocking and handoff failure probabilities are:

48. Forced termination probabilities

49. Noncompleted call probabilities

50. Results and discussion