Southwest Asia and the Indian Ocean

1. Southwest Asia and the Indian Ocean 1500-1750 Chapter 19

2. The Ottoman Empire To 1750

3. Expansion and Frontiers A small empire in Anatolia, the Ottoman empire grew because of The shrewdness of Osman, the founder Control over a strategic link between Asia and Europe at Gallipoli An army with traditional cavalry skills and the use of gunpowder

4. Fought Christians for territory in Greece and the Balkans The Ottomans took Constantinople in 1453 Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II, �the conqueror� Ended 1100 years of Byzantine rule Changed name from Constantinople to Istanbul

5. Suleiman the Magnificent attacked Christian Europe. Made it to Vienna before turning back

6. From 1453 and 1502, a 200 year war began between the Ottomans and Venice. Ottomans wanted control of Venice�s holdings in the Mediterranean Venice eventually had to pay tribute to the Ottomans, but they retained control of the islands of Crete and Cyprus.

7. In the early 1500s Muslim merchants from India and Sumatra requested help from the Ottomans in weakening Portugal's sea power. The Ottomans were unsuccessful at this They didn�t want to spend that much

8. Central Institutions Ottoman army Originally, horse mounted warriors with short bows Began using Christian slaves as soldiers

9. They converted to Islam and were called �Janissary�. Janissaries were used to fight other Muslims They were foot soldiers that used guns Eventually, the devshirme was used to take male children from the Balkans, they would then be raised by an Ottoman family.

10. The Ottoman Empire became cosmopolitan The Osmanli language, was used by the highest classes of people. It came from Turkish, Arabic, and Persian languages. Jews were coming in from Spain.

11. The people were known as the raya, or flock of sheep. The military was made up of Turks, Macedonians, Albanians, and Serbs. The Navy had Greek, Turkish, Algerian, and Tunisian sailors. Most people were Muslim Followed the Shari�a Muslim converts often maintained their local customs

12. Crisis of the Military State, 1585-1650 Development of cannons and lighter firearms Janissary corps grew Cost the government more money The Turkish cavalry shrank Former cavalry members were upset Inflation due to silver from the new world, led the government to lay off more cavalrymen Some men were hired to fight only in the summertime.

13. Revolts against the government, 1590-1610 Former cavalrymen, short-term soldiers, overtaxed peasants, and even poor students formed revolts. Anatolia was hurt the most. Revolts led to emigration Agriculture production decreased The Janissaries became more powerful.

14. Economic Change and Growing Weakness, 1650-1750 The conflicts kept the sultan in the palace. Sultan�s male relatives were confined to the palace Grand viziers oversaw the government.

15. Janissaries took advantage of their increased power Became involved in trade and politics Land grants for military service stopped Tax farming took its place Certain people were given the right to tax those that lived on their lands

16. Economic connections with Europe grew The port of Izmir, in Anatolia began trading products with Europe. Agriculture in the region changed to growing cash crops like cotton and tobacco. Because of Europe�s longer history of trade, they got better tax rates than the Ottomans.

17. The �Tulip Period�, 1718-1730 Ottomans began mimicking European styles of dress and furniture. The elite became interested in tulips and spent huge amounts of money on tulip bulbs.

18. Conservative Janissaries began revolting under the leadership of Patrona Halil. Halil was later seized and executed Wealthy landholders in the provinces took advantage of the weakened central government.

19. The Safavid Empire 1502-1722

20. The Rise of the Safavids Resembled the Ottoman Empire, but was in Iran

21. In 1502, Ismail named himself shah of Iran. Declared Iran would practice Shi�ite Islam Most Safaviya spoke Turkish, were nomads, wore red turbans, and revered Ismail as a god incarnate A century of battles with Sunni Muslims in and around Iran

22. Society and Religion Iran became separate from its Sunni neighbors Iranian scholars tended to write in Arabic while other Muslim scholars were using Persian

23. Iraq separated the Arabic and Persian regions Iran, Afghanistan, and Central Asia became artistic The Persian region excelled in poetry ALL regions were Muslim and had mosques, madrasas and followed the shari�a

24. Shi�ism in Iran required people to believe that temple rulers were standing in for the �Hidden Imam,� the twelfth descendent of Ali They believed he disappeared as a child and would return

25. Made religious scholars more important Led to some unique traditions that encompassed a large region Period of mourning, passion plays depicting the death of Husayn and his family Gave the people a feeling of �oneness�

26. A Tale of Two Cities: Isfahan and Istanbul Isfahan Became Iran�s capital in 1598 Chosen by Shah Abbas I Far from the sea, but central to the country

27. Istanbul Capital of the Ottoman Empire A great sea port, with many nationalities living there There were also many architectural differences

28. Both Isfahan and Istanbul Wheeled vehicles were scarce, people walked Streets were narrow and complex Artisans and merchants formed guilds Women seldom appeared in public Women could own property and represent themselves in court

29. Economic Crisis and Political Collapse Safavid Empire�s economy Silk monopolized by the Shahs

30. Deep-pile carpets Each city had a different style Most work done by women and girls Most people were subsistence farmers or herders Nomadic chieftains often ruled over these areas

31. The Safavids also had trouble paying troops to fight with firearms Nomad warriors refused to use firearms Christian prisoners were converted to Islam and became the army Cheap silver caused inflation (late 16th cent)

32. The government silk monopoly began to fail The government could not pay the army Relied on the British and Dutch for naval support By 1722, the government was weak and a group of Afghans captured Isfahan

33. The Mughal Empire 1526-1761

34. Political Foundations The Mughal Empire was founded by Babur Was a Turkish Muslim Empire in India where the population was Hindu Babur�s grandson, Akbar, spread the empire Akbar gave land for military service India was prosperous under Akbar Did not have their own navy

35. Hindus and Muslims Hindus were afraid of Muslim conquerors, but did not unify to defend themselves. Akbar employed mostly Muslim soldiers, but 15% were actually Hindu soldiers called Rajputs. Akbar married a Hindu princess to encourage good Muslim-Hindu relations.

36. Akbar made big changes Said he was God�s infallible earthly representative Made himself the final legal court Made himself the center of a �Divine Faith�

37. Art Muslims disagreed with Hindu art depicting people. Sikhism developed in northwest India. Were a threat to the Mughals by the 18th century

38. Central Decay and Regional Challenges, 1707-1761 Land grant system led to the empire�s downfall Strong regional powers challenged the govt. in the early 1700�s The region was headed by different leaders until the arrival of the British

39. Trade Empires in the Indian Ocean 1600-1729

40. The Mughal, Safavid, and Ottoman Empires all declined in the 17th and 18th centuries while seafaring countries grew stronger. Joint-stock companies New technologies

41. Europeans like the British and the Dutch as well as Muslim traders grew wealthy. Attempts were made to spread Christianity, but the spread of Islam was more successful.

42. Muslims in the East Indies Muslims reached the East Indies around the 8th century. Islam spread slowly from coastal cities inland around the 16th century. The Muslims helped protect regions from European conquerors/traders.

43. Islam was originally spread by traders, later Muslim scholars began to travel to these regions. Christianity spread in regions not yet converted to Islam.

44. Muslims in East Africa Muslims governed East African ports that the Portuguese began to visit in the 15th century. Ports did not cooperate and often competed with each other Arabs of Oman began taking control of some of the ports This caused a blending of languages which led to Swahili Islam also spread into the southern Sudan

45. The Dutch drove the Portuguese out of their holdings in the East Indies They were better organized They took the Portuguese stronghold at Malacca 1628- new capital at Batavia on Java oversaw Dutch crops being grown in the conquered land Took advantage of the �Roaring Forties� to get to Australia.