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Global History and Geography

Global History and Geography. Midterm Review. Primary Source. Document created at the time of the event by the person experiencing it or witnessing the event. Ex. Diaries, autobiographies. Secondary Source. Information written by an authority who reports on an event, person, place or thing.

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Global History and Geography

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  1. Global History and Geography Midterm Review

  2. Primary Source • Document created at the time of the event by the person experiencing it or witnessing the event. • Ex. Diaries, autobiographies

  3. Secondary Source • Information written by an authority who reports on an event, person, place or thing. • Example-biography

  4. archipelago • A chain of islands • Example- Japan

  5. Ancient civilizations • Settled in river valleys • Provided fertile soil and rivers for trade. • First river valley civilization- Mesopotamia. Fertile Crescent

  6. Culture • The customs and way of life of a group of people.

  7. Cultural Diffusion • When part of one culture spreads to another. • Example- we eat Chinese food in the U.S.

  8. Cultural Trait • Characteristics include: language, clothes, homes, family organization, rituals and foods. • Can include people’s crafts, arts and religious beliefs.

  9. Ethnocentrism • The belief that your culture is superior to all other cultures. • Example- Chinese developed this belief because their geography isolated them from other cultures.

  10. Ancient Greece • Major contribution Athens-DEMOCRACY. • Sparta- totalitarian- military dictatorship. • City-States- Isolated communities separated by mountains and seas.

  11. Ancient Rome • Republic-leaders were elected. Three branches of government-Senate, Assembly and Two Consuls. **Twelve Tables of Law- Basis for Western law. • Empire-Expand territory. Dictatorship- Julius Caesar, Augustus- PaxRomana “Roman Peace”. • Constantine accepts Christianity • Achievements: law, Christianity, architecture

  12. Traditional India • Hinduism- Karma, Dharma and reincarnation. • Caste System-determines your occupation, marriage, where you live etc.

  13. Buddhism • 4 Noble Truths-Life is suffering, suffering is caused by desire, you can end suffering, follow the 8 fold path. • Reincarnation- nirvana. • Began in Nepal by Siddhartha Guatama. • Cultural diffusion-spread to India, China, Korea and Japan.

  14. Islam • 5 Pillars of Faith- Faith in Allah, Pray 5X a day, almsgiving, pilgrimage to Mecca, fasting during Ramadan. • Pakistan is predominantly Muslim. • Partitioning of India 1947 because of fighting between Hindus and Muslims. • Holy Book- Koran

  15. Confucius • Found in China • 5 Relationships- everyone has a place. • Respect elders. • Value education • Combine with Buddhism because Confucianism is a philosophy. • Created a male dominated society.

  16. Judaism • First monotheistic religion. • Believe in the Old Testament or Torah. • Ten Commandments given to Moses by God. • Enslaved by the pharaohs in Egypt. Moses freed them- Exodus. • Diaspora- when Romans forced Jews out of Israel.

  17. Christianity • Based on beliefs and life of Jesus Christ. • After his death apostles spread Christianity. • Jesus is the son of God. After death was resurrected and rose to heaven. • Bible- Old Testament and New Testament.

  18. Byzantine Empire (eastern part of Roman Empire) • Preserved ancient cultures: ancient Greek and Roman texts were saved. • Code of Justinian- consolidated Roman laws into one law code used by the West. • New form of Christianity- Eastern Orthodox Church- led by emperor in Constantinople rather than the Pope.

  19. Medieval Europe (fall of Rome to the 1400’s) • Feudalism-decentralized government. • Manorialism-economic system-each manor is self-sufficient. • Catholic Church-very powerful, preserved learning, pay tithe. • Crusades-holy wars to gain back Jerusalem from the Muslims. Unsuccessful, but led to trade.

  20. Japan • Feudalism- decentralized government, strict class system. Compared to Europe during Middle Ages. • Samurai-warriors • Code of Bushido- honor code for samurai (compared to chivalry in Europe). Honorable to die.

  21. Golden Age • A period of peace and prosperity with many achievements taking place. • Gupta-Hindu culture • Renaissance- rebirth of learning • Athens- democracy • Achievements in art, literature, science etc.

  22. Renaissance • Rebirth of learning. Waking up from “Dark Ages.” Renewed interest in Ancient Greece and Rome. • Humanism- philosophy stressing the importance of the individual. • Achievements in art, science, literature • People-DaVinci “The Renaissance Man”, Michelangelo

  23. Protestant Reformation 1517 • Martin Luther protested the Catholic Church. • Against Sale of Indulgences- paying for forgiveness of sins. • 95 Theses- lists of disagreements. • He is excommunicated (kicked out). • Weakened the power of the Catholic Church.

  24. Mandate of Heaven and Divine Right • Mandate of Heaven- China- belief that the ruling family is divinely chosen. When a natural disaster takes place it is a sign that they have lost the mandate. • Divine Right- European belief that god selects you to be king. Ex. Louis XIV

  25. Ancient African Kingdoms • Ghana- trade of gold and salt. • Mali- Mansa Musa- spread of Islam.

  26. Scientific Revolution 1650 • Experimentation rather than observation. • Scientific Method. • Galileo- telescope, inquisition. • Copernicus- heliocentric theory. • Newton- Law of Gravity

  27. The Enlightenment • New ways of thinking about nature and government. • Locke-right to life, liberty and property (unalienable rights). If your government takes away these rights you have the right to rebellion (social contract). • Declaration of Independence, Constitution, French Revolution.

  28. Peter and Catherine the Great • Warm Water Port- Baltic and Black Sea. (Window to the West) • Westernize

  29. French Revolution • Causes: Estate system, taxation • Effects/Results: Napoleon, Military dictatorship. Napoleonic Code. • Rise of nationalism in France.

  30. Latin American Independence • Simon Bolivar- “George Washington of South America” “The Liberator” – freed Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador and Peru. Wanted a united Gran Colombia. • Toussant L’Overture- slave who freed Haiti from France. Died in a French prison.

  31. Social Class system in Latin America • Peninsulares- born in Spain living in South America. • Creoles- parents born in Spain. First generation in Latin America. • Mestizos- mixed ancestory.

  32. Nationalism • Pride in ones country. • United people. • Makes them want independence. • Must have common language, customs and traditions.

  33. Unification of Italy and Germany • Germany was Prussia- Otto von Bismarck “Blood and Iron” – use military force. • Italy- Cavour- architect of Italian unification. Garibaldi and the Red Shirts conquered the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies.

  34. Industrial Revolution • Began in Britain- island, capital, labor. • Introduction of steam engine: James Watt. • Move from making goods at home by hand to factory by machine (mass production). • Prices declined.

  35. Karl Marx • Communism • Classless society. Everyone equal. • Class struggle would lead to revolution. • Government ownership.

  36. Imperialism • When a stronger country takes over a weaker one.

  37. New Economic Imperialism • After the Industrial Revolution, European nations looked to Africa and Asia for natural resources and markets for goods (rather than Gold, God and Glory- Old Imperialism).

  38. Africa • Scramble for Africa- race by Europeans to claim colonies in Africa. • White Man’s Burden- European belief that they were racially superior and were obligated to spread their culture. Justification for imperialism.

  39. India • British rule- destroy cottage industries. Force Indians to buy British manufactured goods. • Gandhi gains independence. Also wanted peace between Hindus and Muslims. Equality for untouchables. • Passive Resistance and Civil disobedience. Salt March.

  40. China • Opium War- British sell Opium to China. China tries to stop sale, destroys Opium- British defeat- Treaty of Nanking. • Spheres of Influence- economic control over a nation. • Boxer Rebellion- kill foreigners in China.

  41. Japan • Opening Japan- Commodore Matthew Perry 1853. • Meiji Restoration- westernize and modernize Japan.

  42. World War I • Causes: MANIA: militarism, alliances, nationalism, imperialism and assassination of Archduke Ferdinand. • Treaty of Versailles ended WWI- harsh treaty meant to punish Germany. Had to admit full responsibility for the war, pay damages, occupied by troops.

  43. Russian Revolution • Causes: class system, taxation, lifestyle of Czars. • Led by Lenin and the Bolsheviks. • Establish Russia as first Communist Country. • Lenin: NEP- New Economic Policy- introduced elements of capitalism.

  44. Stalin • 5 year plan- goal to industrialize. • Glorification- signs, statues, pictures. • Purges- eliminate anyone who opposes him. • Collectivization of farms. Created man made famine.

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