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Fig. 10-1, p.259

Overshooting into stratosphere. Entrainment of air into side of cloud. tropopause. Downburst/microburst. Downdraft cuts off the updraft and “kills” the convective cell. Lifetime about 1 h. Fig. 10-1, p.259. anvil. tropopause. Wind direction. rain. Fig. 10-2, p.260.

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Fig. 10-1, p.259

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  1. Overshooting into stratosphere Entrainment of air into side of cloud tropopause Downburst/microburst Downdraft cuts off the updraft and “kills” the convective cell Lifetime about 1 h Fig. 10-1, p.259

  2. anvil tropopause Wind direction rain Fig. 10-2, p.260

  3. Three cells in one storm mature stage cumulus congestus stage cumulus stage rain Fig. 10-4, p.261

  4. Tilted updraft is not cut off by downdraft Fig. 10-6, p.263

  5. Fig. 10-7, p.264

  6. Roll cloud Base of thunderstorm Shelf cloud Fig. 10-8, p.264

  7. 30 seconds 300 mph = 8 km/min Fig. 10-10, p.265

  8. Fig. 10-9, p.265

  9. Fig. 10-13, p.266

  10. Fig. 10-12, p.266

  11. Fig. 10-11, p.266

  12. Fig. 10-14, p.267

  13. Fig. 10-15, p.267

  14. Fig. 10-17, p.270

  15. Fig. 10-18, p.270

  16. Mainly positive charge at cloud top Large, “warm” hailstone becomes -ve Mainly negative charge, except at down draft flow of +ve charge Small, “cold” ice crystal becomes +ve Negative charge induces positive charge at/near Earth’s surface Fig. 10-19, p.272

  17. -ve Example of a negative cloud-to-ground stroke (90% of all lighting) initiated by a flow of electrons from cloud base e - • “break down” electric field strength in air = 50,000 V/in • For comparison, household voltage = 120 V. • 10 ion pairs formed per sec per cu. cm naturally (cosmic rays, radioactivity), which eventually help to transmit current (about 100,000 amps). + +ve Fig. 10-20, p.273

  18. Fig. 10-22, p.274

  19. Fig. 10-21, p.273

  20. Fig. 10-23, p.275

  21. p.276

  22. Vaisala's U.S. National Lightning Detection Network founded in Tucson, AZ. http://www.vaisala.com/page.asp?Section=32531 https://thunderstorm.vaisala.com/tux/jsp/explorer/explorer.jsp Fig. 10-24, p.275

  23. Fig. 10-5, p.262

  24. downdraft Recall tornado video Fig. 10-33, p.284

  25. Fig. 10-27, p.280

  26. Fig. 10-31, p.283

  27. Fig. 10-32, p.283

  28. National Severe Storms Lab., Norman OK Fig. 10-26, p.279

  29. In spring/early summer the air aloft (e.g., 500 mb) is still very cold, which combined with just a little surface solar heating, is enough to create a very unstable atmosphere (recall “instability recipe”: heat from below and/or cool from above). This is fundamentally why severe storm/tornado season is April-June in the south. DALR cold Altitude unstable warm T Table 10-1, p.281

  30. Table 10-2, p.281

  31. Fig. 10-29, p.282

  32. Fig. 10-30, p.282

  33. Fig. 10-34, p.284

  34. Fig. 10-35, p.285

  35. Fig. 10-36, p.286

  36. Fig. 10-28, p.280

  37. Fig. 10-37, p.287

  38. Fig. 10-40, p.289

  39. Fig. 10-CO, p.256

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