به نام خدا

1. به نام خدا

2. Bullying Dr. AfsaneSehatChild & adolescent psychiatrist

3. What is bullying? Bullying is a form of aggressive behavior by the use of force or coercion to affect others, particularly when the behavior is habitual and involves an imbalance of power. It can be include verbal harassment or threat, physical assault or coercion and may be directed repeatedly towards particular victims, perhaps on grounds of race, religion, gender, sexuality, or ability. The “imbalance of power” may be social power and/or physical power. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

4. Does it have to be a part of growing up? Each and every person has the right to feel safe in your life and good about yourself. NO

5. Bullying is not • A normal childhood activity • A rite of passage • The targets fault

6. Differentiating Bullying from Normal Peer Conflict/Mean Behavior Normal conflict/mean behavior • Equal power or are friends • Happens occasionally • Accidental • Not serious • Equal emotional reaction • Not seeking power • Remorse-will take responsibility • Effort to solve the problem • Bullying • Imbalance of power • Repeated negative actions • Intentional • Physical or emotional reaction • Seeking control/material things • No remorse-blames target • No effort to solve the problem

7. For the target, bullying is a “loss” experience • LOSS of safety • LOSS of self-esteem • LOSS of belonging • LOSS of control over their own life

8. Warning Signs! • Frequently teased, taunted belittled, ridiculed, intimidated threatened, dominated or subdued • Has a derogatory nickname • Regularly has bruises or injuries that can not be explained • Has belongings taken or damaged • Few or no close friends at school

9. Warning signs! • Frequently socially isolated • Less assertive or lacks the skills to respond to others teasing or harassment • Appears weak or easily dominated • Tries to stay close to a teacher or other adult at recess or breaks

10. Signs That a Child is Being Bullied • Physical • Emotional • Behavioral/social • Academic

11. Physical Signs • Cuts, bruises, scratches • Headaches, stomachaches • Damaged possessions • “Missing” possessions that need to be replaced

12. Emotional Signs • Withdrawal and/or shyness • Anxiety • Depression • Aggression

13. Behavioral/Social Signs • Changes in eating or sleeping habits (e.g., nightmares) • No longer wanting to participate in activities once enjoyed • Beginning to bully siblings or mistreat family pets • Hurting self, attempting or threatening suicide • Suddenly changing friends

14. Academic Signs • Not wanting to go to school • Changing method of going to school (e.g., changing walking route, wanting to be driven instead of riding the bus) • Drop in grades

15. Effect of Bullying on the Target Physical Effect • Stomach aches • Weight loss/gain • Headaches • Drop in grades • Drug or alcohol use • Sexual activity • Physical aggression • Suicidal • Homicidal • Emotional Effects • Alienation • Low self-esteem • Insecurity • FEAR • Depression • Withdrawn • Aggression • Anger • Vengeful

16. Epidemiology: Prevalence of Bullying: Longitudinal study in 25 country 2010: 12-15 Y 5-50% • Incidence in school age children has been estimated at 20% in Canada(1997). • In Norway 9%(1999) • It has been reported 17-21% in British survey. • The most common forms were teasing and hitting • Most boys bullies by boys, girls bully by both gender.

17. Demographics: • Age • Gender • SES • School size/Class size • Birth order • Family function • Mother education • Minority • Disability • Physic and appearance • Race

18. All bullies have one thing in common: • Something or someone is making them feel insecure. ~Therefore they bully to make themselves feel better. • They could have something going on in their family. • They might not feel like they are getting enough attention from parents or teachers. • They might have watched their parents or older siblings get their way by being angry and pushy. • Maybe they are also bullied. • They might be spoiled by their parents.

19. Possible reasons for being a Target • If you get anxious or upset easily. • If you usually are alone and don't have many friends. • If you don't have a lot of confidence and don't stand up for yourself.

20. Remember the golden rule: Treat others the way you want to be treated. Stand up for someone when he or she needs it, and when you need it, someone will stand up for you.

21. Personal Attitudes/Behaviors Children who bully • Want power • Have a positive attitude toward violence • Have quick tempers • Have difficulty conforming to rules • Gain satisfaction from inflicting injury and perceive “rewards” (prestige, material goods) from their behavior • Have positive self images

22. Children Who Bully • Lack empathy • Are concerned with their own desires rather than those of others • Find it difficult to see things from someone else’s perspective • Are willing to use others to get what they want

23. Common Characteristics Among Youth Who Are Bullied These children often stand out as different in some way because of - Appearance - Sexual orientation - Intellect - Socio-economic background - Cultural or religious background

24. Common Characteristics Among Youth Who Are Bullied Boys and girls are bullied in different ways - Boys are more likely to be bullied physically. - Girls are more likely to be bullied socially.

25. callous/unemotional trait • showing limited emotions • Failing • lacking feelings of guilt or remorse to use empathy Fontaine et al 2008

26. What are the consequences of Bullying? • Aggressive behavior • Conduct problems • Self harm behavior • Depressive symptoms • Concentration problem • Violence • More cold Sores • High blood pressure • High salivary cortisol • Negative self esteem • Anxiety

27. The road to psychopathy? • A recent Finnish study has reported that boys who frequently bullied others at the age of 8 years were more likely to suffer from antisocial personality disorder as young adults • Boys who had been both frequent bullies and frequent victims suffered the worst outcomes • Researchers discovered that 30% of the bully/victims suffered from some kind of adult psychiatric disorder.

28. The road to psychopathy? • The disorders included anxiety, depression, psychosis, and substance abuse. • But the most common disorder among these bully/victims was anti-social personality disorder. • In fact, over 11% of all bully/victims had developed this disorder as young adults. • Compared with boys who had not been involved in frequent bullying, the bully/victims had almost 7 times the odds of being diagnosed with anti-social personalities. • Compared with boys uninvolved in frequent bullying, “pure” bullies had three times the odds of developing the disorder. Sourander et al 2007b

29. Can bullying in children causepsychopathy? • There’s evidence that bullying in children can precede the onset of new, psychopathologic symptoms. • In a longitudinal study of Korean kids, researcher Young Shin Kim and colleagues tracked over 1600 middle school students for 10 months!!!??? • Kids who had bullied were more likely to have developed new aggressive behaviors at the end of the 10-month period. • The researchers concluded that bullying is a “strong risk factor for the later development of psychopathologic behaviors”. • Untreated, bullies tend to get worse. Kim et al 2006

30. Possible reasons for being a Target • The bully or the target are either smaller or bigger than most kids their age. • The target may be a minority. • May have a disability. • Maybe you have a name that is not ordinary.

31. Peer group • Identity crisis • Autonomy seeking • Gang • Other sex relationship • Power struggle

32. Are you Bully? Ask yourself these questions. • Does it make you feel better to hurt other people or take their things? • Are you bigger and stronger than other people your age? Do you sometimes use your size and strength to get your way? • Have you been bullied by someone in the past and feel like you have to make up for doing the same thing to others? • Do you avoid thinking about how other people might feel if you say or do hurtful things to them?