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The Mongols

The Mongols. Chapter Fourteen AP World History Ms. Tully. Steppes of Central Asia. Mongols homeland  good for grazing/herding Xiongnu ; Turks. Pre-Mongol Eurasia . Mongol Society. Nomadic society; herding based Life in the saddle Tribal society w/ kin-based clans

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The Mongols

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  1. The Mongols Chapter Fourteen AP World History Ms. Tully

  2. Steppes of Central Asia • Mongols homeland  good for grazing/herding • Xiongnu; Turks

  3. Pre-Mongol Eurasia

  4. Mongol Society • Nomadic society; herding based • Life in the saddle • Tribal society w/ kin-based clans • Women had higher status • Mongols valued military skills; warrior code of bravery

  5. Mongol Fighters • All cavalry army; excellent w/ short bows • Later developed siege technology • Speed; mobility • Yam System – relay messages • Spies & informations used to create maps • Tumen: fighting unit of 10,000 warriors • 13th C: Best army in the world

  6. Chinggis Khan • Temujin (1162-1227) • 1206: Kurlitai elected khagan • Organized Mongols into confederation • Common task: conquer the world

  7. Early Campaigns • 1207: first military campaign leads to defeat of Xi Xia kingdom, Jin Empire • 1219: Conquer Kara Khitai Empire and Khwarazm Empire • Mongols known for their devastation • Valued artisans & scholars; killed or sold others into slavery

  8. Growth of the Mongol Empire

  9. The Mongol Empire of ChinggisKhan • Established capital at Karakorum • Religions and cultures tolerated by Mongols • Script devised for Mongolian script • Mongol conquests brought peace to regions • Secure & monitor trade routes • Tribute based empire

  10. Death of ChinggisKhan • 1226: Khan took army of 180K to complete conquest of China • 1227: Chinggis Khan dies • Remaining land divided 4 ways: between 3 sons and grandson • Son Ogedei becomes Great Khan

  11. Four Khanates • Mongol empire divided into four khanates • Golden Horde • Chaghatai/Djagtai Empire • Il-khan Empire • Yuan Dynasty (Kubilai Khan)

  12. Central Asia: Chagatai Empire • Led by Chagtai Khan • Founded 1225; lasts until 1678 • Weakened in 1360s; Timur, subkhanates

  13. Russia: The Golden Horde • Golden Horde khanate led by Batu • 1236: Invasion of Russia; also 1237, 1238, 1240 • Eventual goal  conquer Europe • Russian princes became vassals of khan  pay tribute • Peasants  Serfs • Russia isolated from Western European influence (Renaissance) • Growth of Moscow • 1380: Battle of Kulikova • Political and military influence of Mongol rule

  14. Middle East: Il-khan Empire • Hulegu leader of Il-khan Empire • 1258: Destruction of Baghdad & Abbasid Caliphate • Tolerant of scholars/artisans • Greater assimilation into Persian culture • Reinvigorated Eurasian trade routes • Mongols defeated by Mamluks of Egypt in 1260 • Berke (khan of GH) converted to Islam

  15. China: Yuan Dynasty • Mongols conquered Xi Xia & Jin Empires, turned next to Song Dynasty • 1235: Kubilai Khan leads forces against Song Dynasty • 1271: Mongols rule most of China  Yuan Dynasty • Capital at Tatu (Beijing)

  16. Mongol Rule in Yuan China • Legal separation of Chinese and Mongols • Mongols do adopt Chinese clothing; art • Mongol women did not practice Chinese customs and held more freedoms; Chabi an important advisor to KK • Social standing in Yuan Dynasty • Mongols • Muslims and Asian nomads • Chinese • Chinese were able to hold local/regional gov’t positions • Merchants and artisans rose in status under Mongol rule • Yuan court welcomed foreigners; religious toleration • Chinese resistant to Mongol rule

  17. Fall of Yuan China • Mongol rule lasted for 90 years • Corruption & indulgence at court; widespread banditry and piracy • Peasant resistance – White Lotus Society • 1398: Zhu Yuanzhang Ming Dynasty

  18. Significance of Mongol Empire • Largest land empire in history • Pax Mongolia (13th-14th C) • Facilitated Silk Road between Asia and Europe • Spread Bubonic Plague

  19. Timurid Empire • Timur the Lame (Tamerlane)  Turkic leader • Active during Mongol decrease of power in Eurasia • Samarkand = capital; famed for architectural beauty • Incredibly violent • Last nomadic incursion; die 1405

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