THE PLANTING OF ENGLISH AMERICA

1. THE PLANTING OF ENGLISH AMERICA CHAPTER 2 (1500-1733)

2. Complex? • American Themes • Passion for freedom • Pursuit of Education • Faith in popular government • Accepting of new ideas • We are the “City on the Hill”

3. Day 1, Ice Breaker!! • Who is LTC Kincaid? • Who are you? • Where are you from? • What do you like about history and Government? • What are your hobbies? • What is your favorite movie? • What was the last book you read (not assigned)? • Name a national issue that is, or will be, important to you

4. What are your responsibilities? • Syllabus • Goals • Format • Notes • Rules • Ethics • Homework • Grades • Notebooks • Help • Bathroom • Questions??

5. Dawning of 17th Century • Columbian Exchange • Mercantilism • Limit Imports/Enhance Exports • Gold and other precious metals determine wealth of a nation • Peruvian and Mexican silver • Religion • Catholicism • Protestantism • Far Distant Colonies • Spanish (Santa Fe) in 1610 (soldiers) • French (Quebec) in 1608 (priests and trading posts) • English (Jamestown) in 1607 (families)

6. Economic recession and depression hits England 1550s (farmers and sheepherders) Puritanism taking hold “Surplus” population through the 1600s England’s Imperial Stirrings Page 25

7. Spain “on a roll” after 1492 for nearly 70 years Advantage over Portugal England Internal domestic English Protestant Reformation period by King Henry VIII in 1530s England’s Imperial Stirrings

8. Elizabeth Energizes England • Elizabeth consolidates Protestantism and crushes Catholics • English buccaneers • Raid Spanish treasure ships • Twin goals (promote) • Protestantism • Seizing Spanish gold and other treasures • Sir Francis Drake Page 26

9. England’s Imperial Stirrings • Rise of Protestant Queen Elizabeth I • Virgin Queen • Economic, Political and Military struggle with Spain to compete for New World order and opportunities • Sir Humphrey Gilbert • Newfoundland • King Philip II (Spain) • Sir Walter Raleigh • Wit, good looks and courtly manners • Royal Charter (contract) • Roanoke (1585)

10. War with Spain 1588 Spanish flotilla, 130 strong, into the English Channel Large versus small ships Tactics Weather End of the Spanish imperial dreams England rules the seas Elizabeth Energizes England p27

11. Expanding population Flowering of English national spirit Golden Age of Literature William Shakespeare Treaty (1604) with Spain England launches into colonization of the New World England on the Eve of Empire

12. England Plants the Jamestown Seedling • “Rights of Englishmen” • Festered resentment of the mother country and the Catholic King • King James I • Raleigh sells vested interests in North America charter • Virginia Company of London • Joint-Stock company (1606) • Chesapeake Bay • Jamestown (1607) • James River p28

13. England Plants the Jamestown Seedling • Jamestown • Christopher Newport • 108 settlers • 40 perish in first winter • Ships (hurricane) shipwrecked in Bermuda • John Smith • “He who shall not work shall not eat.” • Captured (December 1607)

14. Pocahontas Chief Powhatan Opanchancanough Under-chief Chief of the Pamunkies Uncle of Pocahontas John Smith nearly killed Returned to England (1609) Settlers decide to return themselves James River going home in 1610 England Plants the Jamestown Seedling

15. Lord De La Warr Met settlers Irish tactics Aggressive campaign against the Indians By 1625; only 1,200 of 8,000 settlers survive Cultural Class in the Chesapeake "Arrival of Lord del la Warr"

16. Powhatan’s Confederacy Asserted supremacy Lord De La Warr Employed the “Irish tactics” Raided Indian villages, burned houses, confiscated provisions and torched cornfields” First Anglo-Powhatan War (1614) Ended with marriage of John Rolfe and Pocahontas First interracial union in Virginia Second Anglo-Powhatan War Cultural Clash in the Chesapeake

17. Second Anglo-Powhatan War 1644 Death of Pocahontas in 1617 Gravesend, England Openchancanough Treaty (1646) Native-Americans 10% (2,000 Indians) left in Virginia by 1669 Powhatan’s calamitous misfortune Victim of the three Ds: Disease Disorganization disposability Cultural Clash in the Chesapeake

18. Demise of the Indian in Virginia and surrounding area Three Ds Forced migration Trade transformation Expanding Atlantic economy Inferior resentment by English The Indians’ New World

19. John Rolfe “father of the tobacco industry” “bewitching weed” “King Nicotine” Promoted the broad-acred plantation system Demand for labor Slave labor Virginia: Child of Tobacco

20. Slaves to Virginia 1619 Jamestown By 1650, three-hundred slaves (14% of the population) King James I Hostile toward Virginia Desired tobacco, but distrusted the House of Burgesses First legislative body in North America “seminary of sedition” Revoked Charter making it a royal colony directly under his control Virginia: Child of Tobacco

21. Maryland: Catholic Haven • Maryland was formed in 1634 by Lord Baltimore. • Maryland was made for a refuge for the Catholics to escape the wrath of the Protestant English government. • The Act of Toleration, which was passed in 1649 by the local representative group in Maryland, granted toleration to all Christians. p33

22. By the mid-17th Century, England had secured its claim to several West Indian Islands.  Sugar was, by far, the major crop on the Indian Islands. To support the massive sugar crops, millions of African slaves were imported.  By 1700, the number of black slaves to white settlers in the English West Indies by nearly 4 to 1. . The West Indies: Way Station to Mainland America

23. Sugar Whereas, tobacco was considered a “poor man’s” crop; sugar a “rich man’s” crop Captial-intensive business Crops Mill Refining of the Sugar Labor intensive The West Indies: Way Station to Mainland America

24. Sugar cane plantations in West Indies Within 50 years 250,000 slaves Four-to-one dominance Notorious “Barbados slave code of 1661” Denied basic human rights to Africans The West Indies: Way Station to Mainland America

25. English farmers in West Indies “squeezed out” by sugar owners Small group of barons from Barbados arrived in Carolina in 1670 Slaves and Slave codes (1696) Encomienda system The West Indies: Way Station to Mainland America

26. 1640s England, King Charles I Dismissed Parliament Oliver Cromwell rebellion English Civil war Puritans 11 years King Charles II restored throne in 1660 Colonizing the Carolinas p36

27. 13 Original Colonies (page 37) The Thirteen Original Colonies

28. The Emergence of North Carolina • Poorer tobacco planters to North Carolina • Haven for pirates • Cape Hatteras • “graveyard of the Atlantic” • Developed a strong spirit of resistance to authority • Separated in 1712 from South Carolina

29. Spanish Florida using tribes to harass southern colonies North Carolinas defeated the Tuscarora Indians 6th tribe of the Iroquois Confederation South Carolinas defeated the Yamasee Indians The Emergence of North Carolina

30. By 1720 Hills and valleys of the Appalachian Mountains Cherokees Creeks Iroquois The Emergence of North Carolina

31. Mohawk Valley (NY) Iroquois Confederacy Mohawks Oneidas Onondagas Cayugas Senecas Deganawidah and Hiawatha Algonkin (Algonquin) The Iroquois

32. Longhouse Maternal Government and constitution Mohawks “keepers of the Eastern Fire” Middlemen to the European traders Seneca “Keepers of the Western Fire” Fur trading Enemies Hurons Eries Petuns The Iroquois

33. Late-Coming of Georgia • English crown intended Georgia to be a buffer zone against Spanish Florida • Named in honor of King George II of England • James Oglethorpe • Savannah • Charleston • German Lutherans • Scots Highlanders • No Catholics

34. Maryland, Virginia, North and South Carolina and Georgia Tobacco Rice Indigo Sugar The Plantation Colonies

35. 1558                        - Elizabeth I becomes queen of England • 1565-1590               - English crush Irish uprising • 1577                        - Drake circumnavigates the globe • 1585                        - Raleigh founds Roanoke colony • 1588                        - England defeats Spanish Armada • 1603                        - James I becomes kind of England • 1604                        - Spain and England sign peace treaty • 1607                        - Virginia colony founded at Jamestown • 1612                        - Rolfe perfects tobacco culture in Virginia • 1614                        - First Anglo-Powhatan War ends • 1619                        - First Africans in Jamestown.  Virginia House of Burgesses 1624                        - Virginia becomes a royal colony • 1634                        - Maryland colony founded • 1640s                      - Large-scale slave-labor system in English West Indies • 1644                        - Second Anglo-Powhatan War • 1649                        - Act of Toleration in Maryland.  Charles I beheaded; Cromwell rules England • 1660                        - Charles II restored to English throne • 1661                        - Barbados slave code adopted • 1670                        - Carolina colony created • 1711-1713               - Tuscarora War in North Carolina • 1712                        - North Carolina formally separates from South Carolina • 1715-1716               - Yamasee War in South Carolina • 1733                        - Georgia colony founded