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Therapy Approaches

Therapy Approaches. Biomedical Therapy Psychotherapy Alternative Therapies The Power of Forgiveness. Biomedical Therapies. Drug Therapies Antipsychotic Drugs Antianxiety Drugs Antidepressant Drugs Mood-Stabilizing Medications Brain Stimulation Electroconvulsive Therapy

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Therapy Approaches

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  1. Therapy Approaches • Biomedical Therapy • Psychotherapy • Alternative Therapies • The Power of Forgiveness

  2. Biomedical Therapies • Drug Therapies • Antipsychotic Drugs • Antianxiety Drugs • Antidepressant Drugs • Mood-Stabilizing Medications • Brain Stimulation • Electroconvulsive Therapy • Alternative Neurostimulation Therapy • Psychosurgery

  3. Biomedical Therapies(1) Drug Therapies • 1-Antipshchotic Drugs • 2-Antidepressant Drugs • 3-Tranquilizers • 4-Mood-Stabilizing Medicines

  4. 1-Antipsychotic Drugsor Neuroleptics Good for treating psychosis and schizophrenia Example: Thorazine Reduce receptivity to dopamine or increase serotonin Reduce positive symptoms of schizophrenia Do not relieve other negative symptoms

  5. Good for reducing: Agitation Delusions Hallucinations Can shorten schizophrenic episodes Offers little relief from: Jumbled thoughts Difficulty concentrating Inability to interact with others Antipsychotic Drugsand Schizophrenia

  6. After the Introduction of Anti- psychotic Drugs

  7. 2-Antidepressant Drugs • Treat depression, anxiety, phobias, OCD • Example: Prozac, Zoloft, and Paxil • Non addictive but can cause side effects • 1-Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (elevate levels of ser. & nor. by blocking inhibitors) • 2-Tricyclic antidepressants (boost nor. & ser. by preventing their reabsorption) • 3-Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (work on serotonin)

  8. Serotonin Reuptake

  9. 3-Tranquilizers • Prescribed for depressed mood, panic, and anxiety • Example: Valium • Increase activity of neurotransmitter GABA • If overused can result in tolerance and withdrawal

  10. 4-Mood-Stabilizing MedicationsLithium Carbonate • Prescribed for bipolar disorder • Can be dangerous if not given in the right doze

  11. Cautions about Drugs • Placebo effect • Relapse and drop out rates • Dosage problems • Long-term risks • Overprescription • Sometimes they have to be with therapy

  12. The Placebo EffectKirsch and Sapirstein (1998) • 7315 participants • 41% of those receiving antidepressants experienced reduced symptoms. • 31% of those given placebos also received reduced symptoms.

  13. Biomedical Therapies(2) Brain Stimulation • Electroconvulsive Therapy • Alternative Neurostimulation Therapies • Deep-Brain Stimulation • Magnetic Stimulation

  14. Biomedical TherapiesElectroconvulsive Therapy ECT • After three sessions each week for two or four weeks, 80% of people receiving ECT improve markedly, showing no brain damage. • ECT reduces suicidal thoughts and is credited with saving many from suicide.

  15. Biomedical TherapiesAlternative Neurostimulation Therapy1. Deep-Brain Stimulation • Helen Mayberg and her colleagues have been focusing on a cortex area that bridges the thinking frontal lobes to the limbic system. • They have discovered that this area, which is overactive in the brain of a depressed or temporarily sad person, becomes calm when treated by ECT and antidepressants. • Among 12 patients receiving implanted electrodes and a pacemaker stimulator, 8 experienced relief.

  16. Biomedical TherapiesAlternative Neurostimulation Therapy2- Magnetic Stimulation • Unlike deep-brain stimulation, the magnetic energy penetrates only the brain’s surface. • The painless procedure – called repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) – is performed on wide-awake patients over several weeks. • In a study on 67 Israelis with major depression, at the end of two weeks, half the stimulated patients showed at least a 50%improvement in their scores on a depression scale.

  17. Psychosurgery • Egas Moniz who developed the Lobotomy in the 1930s found that cutting the nerves connecting the frontal lobes with the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain calmed uncontrollably emotional and violent people (disconnecting emotion from thought). • He was honored with a Nobel Prize for developing this procedure. • It produced a permanently lethargic, immature, and uncreative people.

  18. Psychotherapy • Psychodynamic • Behavioral • Cognitive • Humanistic • Family

  19. Three Elements Shares by All Forms of Psychotherapy • Hope for Demoralized People • A New Perspective • An Empathetic, Caring, Trusting Relationship

  20. Psychodynamic Therapy • Probes the past • Doesn’t tackle the immediate problem • The goal is insight • Takes a long time • Explores the unconscious • Methods: free association, interpretation of dreams, & transference

  21. Interpretation The analyst noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors in order to promote insight. • Resistance In psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material. • Transference The patient’s transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships (such as love or hatred for a parent)

  22. Behavioral Techniques Learning Conditioning Association between Environmental Stimuli + Response Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning Association Reinforcement/ Stimulus-Response Punishment

  23. Behavioral Techniques • There are no mental processes (will, mind) • Derived from classical and operant conditioning • The focus is on changing the behavior • Works on the immediate problem • Focuses on the present

  24. Classical Conditioning • Ivan Pavlov • Conditioning Learning that involves associations between environmental stimuli and the organism’s responses • Stimulus-response Learning

  25. Classical Conditioning in Real Life • Learning to like • Learning to fear • Accounting for Taste • Reacting to Medical Treatment

  26. Operant Conditioning • The behavior is more likely or less likely to occur based on its consequences. • B. F. Skinner modified Pavlov’s concept. • Skinner used reinforcement and punishment to enhance learning.

  27. Skinner’s Box

  28. Behavioral Techniques • Systematic Desensitization/Counter Conditioning • Aversive Conditioning • Exposure Treatment (Flooding) • Behavioral Records & Contracts • Skills Training

  29. Systematic Desensitization • Fear of Flying • Read about safety • Look at pictures of airplanes • Visit an airport • Take a short flight • Take a long flight • Fear is extinguished • Counterconditioning

  30. Cognitive TherapyAeron Beck • Aaron Beck and his colleagues (1979) came to believe that cognitive therapy could reverse people’s catastrophizing beliefs about themselves, situations, and their futures

  31. Cognitive Distortions • Labeling • Mind Reading • Exaggeration • Unrealistic Expectations • Belief in Entitlement • Belief in Absolute Fairness

  32. Hot Thoughts He is always mean to me. I did a lousy job. I deserve better. It’s not fair. That jerk! They’re driving me crazy. Cool Thoughts Maybe he had a bad day. It’ll be better next time But people are people Life is not fair. It’s his problem! Just don’t accept the ride. Fighting Dysfunctional Thought

  33. Dysfunctional Thought

  34. Humanistic Therapy • Works on self-fulfillment and self-actualization • Does not delve into the past • Helps the client think about the present and the future • Helps people feel good about themselves • Tackles conscious rather than unconscious thoughts

  35. Carl RogersClient-Centered TherapyPerson-Centered Therapy • The therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathetic environment to facilitate clients’ growth.

  36. Carl RogersClient-Centered Therapy • Offers unconditional positive regard • No specific techniques • Therapist should be warm, genuine and empathetic • Client adopts these views and becomes self-accepting • Promotes growth instead of curing illness.

  37. Effective Listening

  38. Active Listening • Paraphrase. Summarize the speakers words in your own words. • Invite Clarification. Encourage the speaker to say more. • Reflect Feelings. Reflect what you’re sensing from the speakers words and body language.

  39. Family Therapy • The therapist helps family members understand how their ways of relating to one another create problems. • The treatment’s emphasis is not on changing the individuals, but on changing their relationships and interactions.

  40. Relative Effectiveness of Different Therapies • Behavioral Conditioning Therapies – have achieved favorable results with specific behavior problems, such as bed-wetting, phobias, compulsions, marital problems, and sexual disorders. • Studies confirm that Cognitive Therapy is effective in coping with depression and reducing suicidal risks • Biomedical Therapy – is particularly essential for the treatment of the positive symptoms of schizophrenia

  41. Alternative Therapy(1) Eye Movement Desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) • Francine Shapiro had people imagine traumatic scenes while she triggered eye movement by waving her finger in front of their eyes, supposedly enabling them to unblock and reprocess previously frozen memories. • This therapy helps reduce traumatic memories.

  42. Alternative Therapy(2) Light Exposure Therapy • It is used to treat people who suffer from seasonal affecive disorder (SAD). • After 4 weeks of treatment: • 61% of those exposed to morning light greatly improved. • 50% of those exposed to evening light greatly improved. • 32% of those exposed to the placebo greatly improved.

  43. When Therapy Helps • When clients have enough sense of self • When clients have enough distress to motivate them to change • When therapists are warm and empathetic • When client and therapist establish a good rapport • Hostile, negative clients are less likely to benefit

  44. When Therapy Harms • Bias on the therapist’s part because of gender, religion, or race • Coercion by the therapist to accept his/her advice • Coercion by the therapist to have sexual intimacy

  45. The Power of Forgiveness • Giving up grudges can reduce chronic back pain • Forgiveness limited the number of relapses among women battling substance abuse problems. • Using MRI scans to explore how just thinking about empathy and reconciliation sparks activity in the brains left middle gyrus, suggesting we all have a mental forgiveness center set to be tapped.

  46. The Power of Forgiveness • Cortisol’s depressive effect on the immune system has been linked to serious disorders. • Forgiveness stops the cortisol and adrenaline from flowing.

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