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Biology 106

Biology 106. Yntze van der Hoek. Course set up. -Biology, 9 th or 10 th edition, Sylvia Mader Try on half.com, textbooks.com, valorebooks.com, ebay.com, bookbyte.com etc. -Syllabus Week 1 – Chapter 1 Week 2 – Chapter 2 Week 3 – Chapter 3 Week 4 – Chapter 4 & 5

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Biology 106

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  1. Biology 106 Yntze van der Hoek

  2. Course set up • -Biology, 9th or 10th edition, Sylvia Mader • Try on half.com, textbooks.com, valorebooks.com, ebay.com, bookbyte.com etc. -Syllabus Week 1 – Chapter 1 Week 2 – Chapter 2 Week 3 – Chapter 3 Week 4 – Chapter 4 & 5 Week 5 – Chapter 6,8 Week 6 – Chapter 7 Week 7 – Chapter 31 Week 8 – Chapter 32,33 Week 9 – Chapter 34 Week 10 – Chapter 36 Week 11 – Chapter 37,38 Week 12 – Chapter 39 Week 13 – Chapter 40 Week 14 – Chapter 41

  3. Course set up • Wed 21 September: Chapter 1, 2, 3 • Wed 12 October: Chapter 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 • Wed 26 October: Chapter 31, 32, 33 • Wed 23 November: Chapter 34, 36, 37, 38, 39 • Final exam ?

  4. A view of life • Chapter 1 • Defining life • Classification & Evolution • Biosphere organization • The scientific method

  5. Defining life • What do we consider living things, what do these have in common? • E.g. cells: the basic structural and functional unit of all living things.

  6. Defining life • -Different levels of organization: • Atoms, Molecules, Cells….up to Communities, Ecosystems, and Biospheres

  7. Requirements • Energy • E.g. via photosynthesis • Nutrients • Metabolism • Homeostasis

  8. Behavior • …what is it? • Vulture can detect and find carcass a mile away and soar toward dinner • Monarch butterfly senses approach of fall and migrates south • Microroganisms can sense light or chemicals • Even leaves of plants follow sun

  9. Reproduction • Organisms: Live…Die • In between: • REPRODUCTION • In (most) multicellular organisms: • Union of sperm and egg • Cell division, differentiation • Development • Coded by: genes • DNA • Chromosomes

  10. Adaptations • Modifications • Survive climate • Find food, mates • .... ……. ?? • Responses to environmental changes over time • Similarity of organism at basic leveland organization indicates: • Descend from same ancestors

  11. Evolution, the Unifying Concept of Biology • organisms very similar at basic level • Suggests living things descended from same ancestor • Descent with modification - Evolution • Caused by natural selection

  12. Classification • Taxonomy: • Identifying and classifying organisms according to certain rules • Taxa: hierarchical levels based on evolutionary relationships

  13. Scientific Names • Binomial nomenclature(two-word names)- used to assign each organism with two part name e.g. Homo sapiens • Universal • Latin-based • First word represents genus of organism e.g. Homo • Second word is specific epithet of a species within the genus e.g. sapiens • Always italicized as a Genus species (Homo sapiens) • Genus may be abbreviated e.g. Escherichia Coli as E. Coli

  14. BACTERIA common ancestor (first cells) ARCHAEA Protists Photosynthetic protist Plants cell with nucleus EUKARYA Fungi Heterotrophic Protist Animals common ancestor Past Present Time

  15. Domains:\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ The Eukaryote Kingdoms Protists KINGDOM: Plants • Algae, protozoans, slime molds, and water molds • Complex single cell (sometimes filaments, colonies, or even multicellular) • Absorb, photosynthesize, • or ingest food • Certain algae, mosses, ferns, conifers, and flowering plants • Multicellular, usually with specialized tissues, containing complex cells • Photosynthesize food 1 m r Paramecium, a unicellular protozoan KINGDOM: Animals KINGDOM: Fungi • Sponges, worms, insects, fishes, frogs, turtles, birds, and mammals • Multicellular with specialized tissues containing complex cells • Ingest food • Molds, mushrooms, yeasts, and ringworms • Mostly multicellular filaments with specialized, complex cells • Absorb food1 V ulpes, a red fox Coprinus, a shaggy mane mushroom

  16. Natural Selection

  17. Organization of the Biosphere • Individuals - ?? • Species - ?? • Population- Members of a species within an area • Community - A local collection of interacting populations • Ecosystem – A community plus its physical environment • Biosphere

  18. The Scientific Method • Scientific method is a standard series of steps in gaining new knowledge through research. • Begins with raising a question and observation • Hypothesis • A tentative explanation for what was observed • Developed through inductive reasoning from specific to general

  19. Scientific method • Hypothesis leads to prediction that can be tested through further observations or experimentation • The results areanalyzedandinterpreted: did it follow the prediction and ‘support’ the hypothesis? • Conclusions • Report in scientific journals • Peers review the findings and the conclusions • Other scientists can then attempt to duplicate or dismiss the published findings

  20. Scientific theory • Not the same as in general speech!! • Widely supported by observations, experiments, data etc.

  21. Next week • Basic chemistry: • Chapter 2 • (and if you’ve not done so yet…read Chapter 1) • Plus: We will make a start with Chapter 3

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