Challenges and Opportunities for Sustainable Energy from Novel Materials in China

1. Challenges and Opportunities for Sustainable Energy from Novel Materials in China Dongyuan Zhao Department of Chemistry and Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University Email:dyzhao@fudan.edu.cn http://www.mesogroup.fudan.edu.cn/

2. Increasing Global Energy Demand 140 120 100 80 60 Energy Demand (B nboe) 40 20 0 1971 2002 2030 Developing countries Transitione conomies OECD Source: IEA WEO 2004

3. Supply and Demand of Fossil Energy Million Barrels/Day 400 Energy Demand 350 300 New Energy Technologies 250 2050？ 200 150 100 Fossil Resource 50 0 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 Assumption：world population :10 billion，Per capita rate of GDP: 2 % energy consuming per GDP: 1 %， shortage: 50 years

4. Low Per Capita Energy Resources in China tons The world China tons tons 104 cubic meters tons 104 cubic meters gas proven reserves coal proven reserves

5. Shortage of Fossil Energy Resources in China Shanghai comprehensive economic briefing, 2005 (02)

6. Increasing Import Dependence of Oil in China Million Barrels/Day IEA

7. hydropower and other gas 2.8% 6.7% oil 21.8% coal 68.7% China Primary Energy Consumption China and World Primary Energy Consumption in 2004 World Primary Energy Consumption hydropower and other nuclear coal 6.1% 6.2% 26.5% gas 23.9% oil 37.3%

8. No.2 High Energy-Related CO2 Emissionsin China Percent(％)

9. Serious Acid Rain Pollution in China pH>5.6 pH<5.6 acid rain SO2 Area percentage pH<5.6 : 40% Acid rain: 8.4% SO2: 3%

10. Energy Security in China Africa 24.6% Europe and the Western Hemisphere 7.2% other 2.1% Oil import in China Oil import in 2004 Middle East 50.8% Asia Pacific 15.3% Share of China’s dependence on Middle East oil is 54％ Share of American’s dependence on Middle East oil is 34％ million tonnes Data: 1. Michael, Smith.,BP World Energy Statistics 2005 2. Energy Information Administration / International Energy Outlook 2001, P39 . 3. Energy Information Administration / International Energy Outlook 2004, P40. 4. Gensheng, Han., Oil reserves and China’s oil market policy in response to higher oil prices and to participate in world. The Sixth US-China OGIF. Germany France Korea American Japan China

11. China's Energy Problems • energy supply • the shortage of liquid fuel and energy security • environmental pollution • rural energy resources • CO2 emissions

12. Nuclear Power Layout and Construction Sequence 16000 14000 12000 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Note: path 1 path 2 sight B sight C long- and medium-term plan

13. Science and Technology Innovation: Creation and application of new energy materials pave the way to solve the energy problem

14. Science and Technology Innovation: Creation and application of new energy materials pave the way to solve the energy problem Renewable Energy • Solar • Biomass (non traditional) • Wind • Sea • Geothermal

15. Oil Gas Hydropower 2.8% 6.7% Oil • Coal 21.8% 68.7% Coal Optimization of the Fossil Energy Utilization • clean oil • drain off • efficient combustion & power generation • IGCC • CO2capture and bury Energy structure of China in 2004

16. greenhouse gas S N SOx ｝ pollutants + O2→ NOx combustion removal （before） electricity generation （after） gasification removal Clean Coal Technology C+ O2 = CO2 + 394 kJ （energy）

17. Renewable Energy • Solar • Biomass (non traditional) • Wind • Sea • Geothermal

18. Solar radiation distribution and utilization in China Utilization ： • Heat usage • Heating • power generation • Light usage • Photocell • Photochemistry richer area (>1700) rich area (1500-1700) available area (1200-1500) scarce area (<1200) Unit: kWh/m2

19. Electricity price： • 2.00-4.00 RMB/ kilowatt-hour • low efficiency：15－18％ • high cost：25－30 RMB/Wp • incomplete system: storage Principle and Structure of the Solar Cell

20. Bio oil－biodiesel oil • Rapeseed • Palm oil, Jatropha curcasl oil Technology • Starch－Ethanol • Corn, Wheat • Cassava, sweet potato, Jerusalem artichoke • Sugarcane, sweet sorghum • Cellulose－ethanol, biodiesel oil • Straw, trees • Jerusalem artichoke Biomass Utilization

21. Cellulose Bioconversion

22. The common problems in the utilization of renewable energy Slowdevelopment Incentive policy Create market Small market High cost Technology innovation Benign circle: Research& development Demonstration Industry Market

23. energy storage materials fossil energy technology energy economies new energy research institute energy saving technology biomass energy solar energy materials New Energy Research Institute of Fudan University Institutional Structure Director：Dongyuan Zhao Associate Director： Prof. Yang Zhong Prof. Hualong Xu Secretary： Prof. Aishui Yu

24. Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials(iChEM) has been approved by China EOM. Three Universities and CAS, Xiamen Univ. ; Fudan Univ; China Univ of Sci & Tech (CUST) Dalian Inst of Chem Phys. Project grant: 300 M

25. Superparamagnetic functional mesoporous microspheres with perpendicularly aligned channels Large diameter to reduce the curvature energy Smooth surface to facile coating and self-assembly New synthesis route for the Fe3O4 @nSiO2@ mSiO2 microspheres with sandwiched structure Deng & Zhao J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 28

26. Hierachically structured porous materials for catalytic application of heavy oil cracking Large pores Small pore Weak acidity Strong acidity Heavy oil Middle molecule Fuel Heavy oil crack: one-step process for cracking – hydrogenation Syn-gas: F-T reaction for one-step process of chain increase – isomerization Gradient pores & acidity

27. Hierachically structured porous materials for catalytic application of heavy oil cracking 2.5 m3 reaction kettle 500 kg products high quality

28. Catalytic performances of hieratically porous materials Process：pressure: 15.0 MPa，H2/Oil: 1500，space (v) : 1.5 h-1, 375C，yield: 77.3%，liquid yield: 97.8 wt%，middle oil selectivity: 78.7 %，Life: 5000 hours

29. Continuous and large-scale synthesis of ordered mesoporous hollow carbon microspheres 50 μm 高比表面积: 1930 m2/g Wu, X. Z., Selomulya, C. Chen, X. D. & Zhao D. Y., Angew Chem Int Ed 2013, 52, 13764-13768

30. Fabrication of the Supercapacitor Devices Single: 80 x 103 F, 8 x 4 parallel connection, 5 groups 1) high static capacitance ( 8000 F) 2) low resistance (≤0.52 mΩ) 3) high energy density (~ 8.2 Wh/kg) The supercapacitor devices: (8000 F) 30

31. New concept “rocking chair” Li+ hybrid cell Negative electrode : Li-ion insertion/extraction reaction Positive electrode : Li-ion adsorption/de-sorption Electrolyte : concentration constant Capacity retention: 90% over 20000 cycles, Columbic efficiency: 100% Chinese patent: ZL. 200510025269.6 PCT: WO/2006/111079

32. Beijing Olympic Village Solar Streetlight

33. Thank you for your attention！