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Preston Montford, Shrewsbury

Advanced Wind Weekend. Preston Montford, Shrewsbury. April 2008. Introductions…. V3 Power:. Aran Eales , Tom Dixon ,. RES:. Richard Bridle. Who are you?. Energy Usage UK. Fuel Used in Electricity Generation in the UK: 1999. Renewable Sources Used to Generate Electricity: UK 2000.

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Preston Montford, Shrewsbury

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  1. Advanced Wind Weekend Preston Montford, Shrewsbury April 2008

  2. Introductions… V3 Power: Aran Eales, Tom Dixon, RES: Richard Bridle Who are you?

  3. Energy Usage UK Fuel Used in Electricity Generation in the UK: 1999 Renewable Sources Used to Generate Electricity: UK 2000

  4. Benefits of Wind: • Available away from the power grid • Pollution free, • Sustainable • Doesn’t require fuel • Doesn’t create green house gases • Small land use required (2% on farmlands) • Community Ownership, people empowered

  5. Drawbacks of wind • Capital intensive • Wind is unreliable • Carbon Impact of build materials (Danish wind energy association say energy payback less than a year on good site) • Geographical/Location constraints • Danger to wildlife- siting needs to be considered in relation to flight patterns

  6. WIND - Air in a hurry… Solar energy creates pressure differences Air moves from high to low pressure causing wind World Wind Patterns Boundary Layer Effect

  7. World Wind Resource • 1200 TW World Resource • 10TW Theoretically recoverable • Worlds Energy Consumption 1.3TW • Huge potential resource

  8. Wind Speed Map of UK

  9. History of Wind Power Persian (2000 b.c) Direction of Prevailing Wind Drag machine - used for grinding corn

  10. Cretean Turbine

  11. Wind Pumps • Developed in 19th Century • Enabled colonisation of Australian outback • Still used widely in Africa

  12. Early Electricity • End of 19th Century • Used to charge batteries • 12kW • 12m blade diameter • Development abandoned due to cheap fossil fuels Source www.windpower.dk

  13. 1970s and 80s 70s oil crisis renewed interest in wind power - especially in California, Denmark and Holland. • 75kW Vestas • 1983 • grid-connect • 15kW Polenko • 1983 • stand-alone

  14. 1990s • In late 80s renewable generation subsidised through NFFO • Cemmaes wind farm - first in UK • In 2003 300kW machines replaced with 850kW

  15. Small Scale 2000+ • Suited for remote power supplies • 600W Proven • 2.4m rotor diameter Source Proven Engineering

  16. The Biggest Turbine Ever Built • 5MW • 126m rotor diameter • Installed off the coast of Scotland

  17. POWER AVAILABLE IN THE WIND K.E. = 1/2 mv2 K.E. = ½.(.V).v2 K.E. = ½.(.A.D).v2 K.E. = ½.(.A).(v.t).v2 K.E. = ½..A.v3.t Equations you should know: K.E. = 1/2 mv2 Mass = density x volume Distance = speed x time Power = Energy = 1/2  A v3 Time

  18. Increase wind speed: Cubic increase in power (If windspeed doubles, you get 8 times as much power) Power = 1/2  A v3 Increase diameter of blades: Swept area A =  r2 =/4 d2 Squared increase in power (doubling size of blades gives 4 times as much power)

  19. Tip Speed Ratio (TSR) TSR for our turbine is about 4 – depending on how well the blades are carved… Cp TSR

  20. Solidity • High Solidity machines have low TSR and High Torque • Low Solidity machines have high TSR and low torques

  21. Turbine Characteristics - Efficiency

  22. The turbine we will build... • Hugh Piggot’s Design: • www.scoraigwind.com • 500W Rated output • 2.4m blade diameter • Materials available locally in most areas of the world • Low Embodied Energy • Man Power • Recycled Materials

  23. Blades Stages • Width • Twist • Thickness • Aerofoil • Wedges and Disks Tools • Planes, chisels, mallets, ruler, pencils Skills • Patience, accuracy

  24. Blade Movement DRAG Reflected Wind Wind Twist - DRAG

  25. Aerofoil - LIFT Lift Blade Motion Apparent Wind Resultant Wind Head Wind

  26. Conservation of Energy

  27. Same for an Aerofoil

  28. Bernoulli Effect Higher speed over the airofoil causes low pressure Lower speed under the aerofoil causes high pressure Pressure difference causes upwards force This is LIFT

  29. Alternator Components • 2 magnet disks • 1 Stator • Bridge Rectifiers Jobs • Mould prep • Magnet positioning • Casting

  30. Faradays Law of induction Passing a magnet over a wire causes a current to flow along the wire

  31. Alternator Theory

  32. Alternator Theory

  33. Alternator Theory

  34. Alternator Theory One end of each coil is connected to the “ring neutral”

  35. Alternator Theory One end of each coil is connected to the “ring neutral” The other end is sent to a bridge rectifier

  36. Rectifier theory

  37. Coil connections

  38. Coil outputs

  39. Mounting and Tail Materials • Bearing • Angle Iron • Steel Pipe • Nuts and Bolts Skills • Welding • Grinding • Filing

  40. FURLING

  41. GOOD LUCK!

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