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Innovation and Timing in Graphical User Interfaces: Lessons from Engelbart, Sutherland, and Xerox PARC

This work explores the intersection of innovation, timing, and hardware in the development of graphical user interfaces (GUIs). Highlighting the contributions of pioneers like Doug Engelbart and Ivan Sutherland, alongside the influential role of Xerox PARC, we analyze successful and failed attempts in both custom and commodity hardware from the 1960s to the 1990s. Key case studies include the Apple Macintosh and the struggle of the Apple Newton. By examining these innovations, we derive crucial insights into application development and user experience in technology.

amir-bryan
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Innovation and Timing in Graphical User Interfaces: Lessons from Engelbart, Sutherland, and Xerox PARC

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  1. Innovation timing Skills: none Concepts: innovation timing, research prototype, commodity versus custom hardware, graphical user interface, contributions of Doug Engelbart, Ivan Sutherland, and Xerox PARC This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 License.

  2. Where does this topic fit? • Internet concepts • Applications • Technology • Implications • Internet skills • Application development • Content creation • User skills

  3. A typical graphical user interface

  4. Doug Engelbart, 1968 Ivan Sutherland 1963

  5. The TX-2 at MIT

  6. The Alto at Xerox PARC, 1973

  7. Fail: Xerox Star, 1981 Custom hardware

  8. Fail: Apple Lisa, 1983 Custom hardware

  9. Success: Apple Macintosh, 1984 Custom hardware

  10. Fail: VisiOn, 1983 Commodity PCs

  11. Fail: Windows 1, 1985 Commodity PCs

  12. Fail: Windows 2, 1987 Commodity PCs

  13. Success: Windows 3, 1990 Commodity PCs

  14. Not only hardware timing

  15. Summary

  16. Self-study questions The Apple iPad was a successful product when introduced in 2010. Other tablet computers preceded it and did poorly. Describe one and discuss the reasons for its failure. Apple introduced a hand held computer called the Newton in 1993, but it failed. What were the reasons for its failure?

  17. Resources Video of Ivan Sutherland demonstrating Sketchpad, narrated by Alan Kay: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mOZqRJzE8xg Video of Doug Engelbart demonstrating NLS: http://sloan.stanford.edu/MouseSite/1968Demo.html A short overview of Xerox PARC and its influence on Apple and Microsoft: http://hightechhistory.com/2011/06/02/a-brief-early-history-of-xerox-parc-and-the-development-of-the-personal-computer/ Introduction of the Macintosh and the legendary “1984” commercial: http://vimeo.com/20676234 Wikipedia and other Internet sites have a lot of information on the products discussed in this presentation.

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