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Picard1988, ,

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????. . ???????. ????????????????????????????????????????????. ????????. 1. ???????????????????????????. ????????. 2. ?????????????:???????????

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Picard1988, ,

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    1. ?????????????????

    2. ????????? Picard(1988)?????????????????,???????? ???????????? ????????????? ?????????????,????????????????

    3. ????

    4. ??????? ?????????? ???????????????? ???????????? ??????

    5. ???????? 1. ????? ?????????? ???? ???? ????

    6. ???????? 2. ??????? ??????:???? ??????? §11:????????????????? §12:?????????? §14:??????????? ?????????:???????????????,?????????;??????????;??????????????????

    7. ???????? 2. ??????? ???????????(????),??????????? ???????????? ?????????????? ???(1993),«?????????»???:?? ???(1997),«????---?????????????? ??:??»

    8. ????????? .????(??????) ????????????????? ???????????????????? ?????????????? .?????? ?????????:???????? ??????????????:?????????? ?????????????????…????????

    9. ????? ????????????????----?? ?????????:????????????????????????? ???????????? ??????????????????????? ??????????????????(??????????)

    10. ???????????? ??:?????????? ???????,??????????? ??:???????? ?????????????,???????Hunt????????????????????????,????(fourth estate)?????????????????????????(??,1972:103-104)??????????????????(watchdog theory)(Kelly & Donway, 1990: 97;Curran, 1991:84) ?

    11. ?????????????????????: ????????????????????????? ??????,????????? ?????????????? ??????????? ????????????? ?????????????

    12. ??????? ???????????????? ????????,????????????????????????? ???????????????????????,?????????????,????????? ???????????,??????????????????????,?????????????????????,??????????(news gathering rights)??????????????????????????(???,1993:80-84)? ???????????

    13. ????:????????? ?????????????? ????,???? ??????????????????? ????????? ????(1995),«????????:??????»???:??? ????????(1995),«?????»(??)???:??

    14. ?????????

    15. ??????? ??:???????,????????????(???)??????????(???),???????(???)?????(????,1996:431) ??:??????????,???????????????????(???,1991:66-67)?

    16. ??????? ???:?????????????????????,??????????,????????????????? ????:??????????????????????????? ???:???????,??????? ???:??????????????????? ???:???????????????? ?????:??????????,??????????,?????????

    17. ?????? ????:????????? ?????????????????? ?????????,?????????????,????????????? ??????????????,?????,?????????,??????? ????????????,??????????,?????????????????,????????????????? ??????????,?????????,????????????????????

    18. ????? ?????????????? ?????????,???????????????????? ???????????,?????????? ????? ???????? ???????,??????? ??????,?????????,????????

    19. ??????? ?????

    20. ???????? Everyone,and no one ????????? ???(1994)«????????»???«????????»,?195-215???:?????

    21. ???? ombusman (???) ??(??????????????? ?? ?????Columbia Journalism Review?«??»?«???» ?????????? ?????

    22. ????????? ??(???????????) ????(???????????) ???????

    23. ??? ?????????? ?????????? ??: ?????????????? ?????? ?????

    24. ????

    25. ???????????? ??????????,??????? ---????? Geroge Seldes ????????????????????????? ---?????? Mclcolm Browne

    26. ???????????? ????????,?????,????:?????? ???? (Kick the Tv Habit) ????????

    27. ???????

    28. ???????? ??????:??????????? ??????:?????????? ??????:????????????

    29. ???????? ???????????????,???????????? ??????364???,???:?????????????,??????????????????????????,??????????????????,???????????????????,????????????????,????,?????????? ????????????????????????????????????,????????????????????? ????????????,?????????????,??????,??????????????????

    30. ???????? ?????????,??????????????????????,?????????????,???????? ??????????????,????????????,?????????????????????????,???????????,?????????? ????????

    31. ???????? ???????????????????????????(?????????????????????????????)? ???????,????????????,???????????,???????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????,???????????????????:????????????????????,?????????????????,???????:????????????????,??????????,?????

    32. ?????? ???????? ??????????????????,??????????????,??????,???????????,????????????????????????,???????????,???????????????????????,???????????????????????????????????????????????,????

    33. ?????? ?????,???????????????????,?????????????,???????????????????????????????????????????,??????????,??????????,?????,??????

    34. ?????????

    35. ????????? Sigelman(1973)???????(??? ??????????)?????????????,???????????? ?,???????,???????????????????(quality-control check)? Sigelman??,???????????????,?????????????????,??????????????????????,????????????????????????

    36. Bowers(1967)????????????????,?????????????? ???????????,?????????????,???????????(display)???? ?????????????,?????????? ????,????????? ????????????????????,??????????????,???????????;???,?????????????,???????????

    37. Johnstone??(1976)???????????????(assignment)???????????,?????????(gatekeeping apparatus)?????????? ??????,?????????????,????????????: ???????????,75.9%??????????? ?????????,60.1%??????????? ?????,???????????,53.8%??????????????? ????????????????????, 60.1%???????????

    38. ????????? Weaver & Wilhoit(1986)?????????????????????????????????????,Weaver & Wilhoit??Johnstone???????????????,???1980????????????????????,?1982?1983??,??????????????,?????????,?????????? ???,????????????????? McQuail(1992)?????????(conduct)?????,????????? ?????????????;????????????????,?????? ???????????????????????,McQuail?????????? ??????????????

    39. ?????(?77)???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,?????????????????????????? ???(?81)?????????????????????,????????????,????????,????????????????????? ????????;????????,?????????????,????? ?????????????????????,???????????????????????????,?????????

    40. ??????

    41. ?????? ??????(?????)??????????,?????????????????????,???????????????? ???????,????????,????????????,???????,?????????,????????????????,????????????????,??????????,??????????,??????????????? ???????????????????,??????????????,?????????????????,??????????????,???????????????,??????????????,????????

    42. ??????????? ?????????????????????,????????????? ??? ????????????,?????????????????????? ?????,??????????????

    43. ?0????????? ??????????????????????,???????????????????????,?????????????????? ???????????????????????:?????????????,???????????????????

    44. ??????? ??? ???(1987)??????????????????? ???(1988)???????????????????????????? ???(1992)??<????????????>,???????????? ???(1992):???????????????????????????????????????????,???????????????:?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???(1993)????????????????,???????????????????????????????

    45. ????????? ????????????????????????????,??????,???????????? ???????????? ???????????,?????????????,???????,???????;???????????????????????? ??60????????????????,70??,??????????????????????,???????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????(????)

    46. ??????????? ???????,????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????,????? ?????????????????????????? ??????????,????????????,???????????????,??????????,???????

    47. ????????? ??????????,?????????????,????????????,?????????????????,???????????????????? ?????????? ????????,?????????????,???????,??????????? ???????????????,????????????,???????????

    48. ????????????,???????:??????????,????,?????????????,?????????????? ?????????,?????????????????????,?????????????????????????????,???????????,?????????????????????: ????? ????????

    49. ?????

    50. ?????????????? ???????????? ?????????????? ???? ??????????,???????????????????????,?????????????????;??????????????, ????,??????????????? ????????????

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