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Network Models and Standards

Network Models and Standards . Chapter 3. Chapter Overview . Discuss Network Architecture. Discuss Standards. Electronic Data Interchange Layered Models OSI Model TCP/IP Model . Architecture .

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Network Models and Standards

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  1. Network Models and Standards Chapter 3

  2. Chapter Overview • Discuss Network Architecture. • Discuss Standards. • Electronic Data Interchange • Layered Models • OSI Model • TCP/IP Model Prepared by Saher H. Mohammed

  3. Architecture • Architecture is an overall system plan that is implemented in a set of hardware, software, and communication products. • The architecture specifies components and interfaces that make up the systems. It includes, protocols, formats and standards to which all hardware and software in the network must conform. • Architecture should include documentation of system usage, functionality and performance parameter of all the components. Prepared by Saher H. Mohammed

  4. Network Architecture • Network Architecture attempts to facilitate the operation, maintenance and growth of the communication and processing environment by isolating the user and the application program from the details of the network. • Network architecture is necessary to support distributed data processing with multiple computers in a network. Prepared by Saher H. Mohammed

  5. Network Architecture • Purpose • Provide an orderly structure for the communication network that ensures a specific level of compatibility. • Provide isolation of the application systems from the physical hardware. • Support faster development and easier maintenance of application systems by using system software utilities to perform communication functions. • Be reliable, modular and easy to use. • Accommodate new devices and software for the network without changing the application systems. • Replace individual pieces of system without affecting other pieces. Prepared by Saher H. Mohammed

  6. Standards • A standard is a set of rules or descriptions about a specific piece of equipment, software or service. • A standard is a definition or format that has been approved by a recognized standards organization or is accepted as a de facto standard by the industry. • Commonly, there are two kinds of standards • Proprietary standards • Open standards Prepared by Saher H. Mohammed

  7. Standards • Standards that are specific and unique to an organization are called proprietary standards. • These proprietary standards can only be used by the organization that designed those standards. • Standards that can be used by all the organization are called open standards. • Equipments from various supplier are interoperable. Prepared by Saher H. Mohammed

  8. Standards • In computing environment, middleware consist of software agents acting as intermediary between different application components. • Total cost of ownership (TCO) considers all costs of using a specific set of equipment, including purchase, installation, maintained, and upgrade. • de facto – actually exercising power, although not legally or officially established. • Example IBM SNA Prepared by Saher H. Mohammed

  9. Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) • A system is a group of interrelated and interdependent parts working together to achieve is a common goal. • A cooperative system is a specialized type of system that requires at least two parties with different objectives but common goals to collaborate on the development and operation of a joint system in support of those common goals. Prepared by Saher H. Mohammed

  10. Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) • EDI is the process of direct computer-to-computer communication of information in a standard format between organizations. • This communication permits the receiver and sender to perform a specific set of business functions. • EDI is a set of standards for electronic transfer of business documents. Prepared by Saher H. Mohammed

  11. Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) • The primary purpose of EDI is to provide communication standards for the electronic transfer of common business documents between the respective computer systems of individual and diverse trading partners. • EDI provides a significant opportunity to reduce the cost of doing business and strengthen the partnership. Thus, offering a significant competitive advantage. Prepared by Saher H. Mohammed

  12. Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) • Benefits of using EDI • Improve customer service. • Improve accuracy of the data. • Reduce clerical errors. • Faster access to information. • Decreased administrative cost. • Reduced delivery times. • Improved cash flows. Prepared by Saher H. Mohammed

  13. Layered Models • Layered models are all about boundaries; honor the boundaries and live in freedom within the layer. • Prototyping – The use of one capability to emulate another, generally in a inexpensive manner and short time frame. • Simulation – The process of imitating a real phenomenon with a set of mathematical formulas. It may be achieved on a working system by use of equipment to simulate real conditions, such as network traffic. Prepared by Saher H. Mohammed

  14. The OSI Model • OSI Model stands for Open System Interconnection Model. • OSI model was created by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the Consultative Committee on International Telephony and Telegraphy (CCITT). • Exponential growth of internet resulted in the heterogeneous computing environment, this resulted in the creation of OSI Model. Prepared by Saher H. Mohammed

  15. The OSI Model • The OSI Model consists of seven layers, each layer with specific standards and functionality. • The upper most four layers are the host layers, they specify the need of the user applications. • The lower most three layers are the media layers, they are concerned with the actual communication, circuit establishment and disconnection, message routing, and error correction and detection. Prepared by Saher H. Mohammed

  16. The OSI Model • The layers are hierarchical in that the lower layers provide services such as the control information to the layer just above it. • The adherence to OSI Model makes the development of software and hardware easier. • The OSI Model is a plan by which communication software is designed. • The model facilitates control, upgradability, replacement, and management of the resources that make up the communication network. Prepared by Saher H. Mohammed

  17. The OSI Model – Layers Data Application Layer Ho s t L a y e r s Data Presentation Layer Data Session Layer Segments Transport Layer Packets Network Layer M e d i a L a y e r s Frames Data Link Layer Bits Physical Layer Prepared by Saher H. Mohammed

  18. The OSI Model – Layers Prepared by Saher H. Mohammed

  19. Layer 1 – The Physical Layer • Physically transmits the bits. • Physically establishes the node-to-node connection when requested by the data link layer. • Concerns with the establishing duplex, half-duplex and full-duplex transmission. • Defines all electrical and physical specifications for the devices. Prepared by Saher H. Mohammed

  20. Layer 2 – The Data Link Layer • The data link layer concerns itself with the actual characters and the sequencing in which they are transmitted. • This layer segments the bits into frames, and coordinates the flow of data over multiple physical connections. • This layer attempts to deliver error free data, it includes error detection, error recovery and error correction methods. Prepared by Saher H. Mohammed

  21. Layer 3 – The Network Layer • The network layer performs network routing, flow control, segmentation/ de-segmentation, and error control functions. • The network layer defines message addressing and routing methods. • This layer also controls congestion in the network is overloading certain computers. • Handles the movements for data from one network to another. Prepared by Saher H. Mohammed

  22. Layer 4 – The Transport Layer • The transport layer provides a transparent transfer of data between end users. • The transport layer is responsible for maintaining a reliable and cost-effective communication channel from user’s applications software process in one computer to a user process in another computer. • The transport layer monitors the status of the connections. Prepared by Saher H. Mohammed

  23. Layer 5 – The Session Layer • The session layer provides the mechanism for managing the dialogue between end-user application processes. • This layers deals with establishing a logical session between the hosts. • The session layer establishes the communication between applications, enforces the rules of carrying on the dialogue, and tries to establish the connection if a failure occurs. Prepared by Saher H. Mohammed

  24. Layer 6 – The Presentation Layer • The presentation layer handles encoding, encryption, and similar manipulation of the presentation of data. • The presentation layer is also responsible for formatting and displaying the data to and from the application layer and deals with the transmission format of the data. • This layer deals with the syntax of the data. Prepared by Saher H. Mohammed

  25. Layer 7 – The Application Layer. • The application layer interfaces directly to and performs common application services for the application processes. • This layer interfaces to user-oriented services such as determining the data to be transmitted, the message or record format for the data, and the transaction codes that identify the data to the receiver. Prepared by Saher H. Mohammed

  26. The OSI Model – Layers Summary Prepared by Saher H. Mohammed

  27. The TCP/IP Model • The TCP/IP is the basic communication language or protocol of the internet. • It is a collection of two communication protocols • Transmission Control Protocol • Internet Protocol Prepared by Saher H. Mohammed

  28. Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) • The TCP manages the assembly of messages or files into smaller packets that are transmitted over the Internet and received by a TCP layer at the receiving end, which then reassembles the original massage. • TCP is responsible for verifying correct delivery of data from client to sever. Prepared by Saher H. Mohammed

  29. Internet Protocol (IP) • The IP handles the address part of each packet so that it gets to the right destination. • TCP/IP also can refer to an entire collection of protocols, called TCP/IP suite. This includes • Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP). • File Transfer Protocol (FTP). • Terminal Emulation (Telnet). • Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP). Prepared by Saher H. Mohammed

  30. The TCP/IP Model Application Layer Transport Layer Internet Layer Data link Layer Network Access Layer Physical Layer Prepared by Saher H. Mohammed

  31. Network Access Layer • The physical layer and the data link layer of OSI Model combined is called Network Access Layer of the TCP/IP Model. • The physical layer is concerned with the transmission of the actual bits. • The Data link layer is concerned with the framing and transporting the packets over the physical layer. • The data link layer in TCP/IP and OSI Model is sub divided into Logical Link Control (LLC) and Media Access Control (MAC). Prepared by Saher H. Mohammed

  32. Internet Layer • The internet layer used the Internet Protocol to send the block of data (datagram) from one point to another. • This layer is also called as the Network Layer. • Internet protocol is the key component of TCP/IP as each piece of data is sent over the network as an IP packet. • IP performs the basic task of getting packets from source to destination. Prepared by Saher H. Mohammed

  33. Transport Layer. • The transport layer is where the transmission control protocol (TCP) is used by most of the Internet application such as FTP, HTTP and Telnet. • TCP is a connection-oriented, the sender and receiver must establish a connection before data can be transferred. • The transport layer provides a safe and reliable byte stream, which makes sure that data arrives complete, undamaged, and in order Prepared by Saher H. Mohammed

  34. The Application Layer • The application layer is the layer that most common network-aware programs use in order to communicate across a network with other programs. Prepared by Saher H. Mohammed

  35. OSI vs. TCP/IP Application Layer Application Layer TCP/IP Protocol Suit Presentation Layer Telnet FTP SMTP DNS SNMP Session Layer Transport Layer Transport Layer TCP UDP Network Layer Internet Layer IP IGMP ICMP ARP Data Link Layer Network Interface Layer Ethernet Token ring Frame relay ATM Physical Layer Prepared by Saher H. Mohammed

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