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Language

Language. 言語ユニット. Why geographers study language. Provides the single most common variable by which cultural groups are identified Provides the main means by which learned customs and skills pass from one generation to the next Facilitates cultural diffusion of innovations

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Language

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  1. Language 言語ユニット

  2. Why geographers study language • Provides the single most common variable by which cultural groups are identified • Provides the main means by which learned customs and skills pass from one generation to the next • Facilitates cultural diffusion of innovations • Because languages vary spatially, they reinforce the sense of region and place • Study of language called linguistic geography and geolinguistics by geographers

  3. Language – set of sounds, combination of sounds, and symbols used in communication • Standard language – published, widely distributed, and purposely taught, ex.British Received Pronunciation (BRP) • Official Language – the language adopted by the government for official business • Isogloss – a geographic boundary within which a particular linguistic feature occurs • Mutual intelligibility – two people can understand each other when speaking 言語ユニット

  4. Terms used in the study of language • Dialects — variantforms of a language that have not lost mutual comprehension • A speaker of English can understand the various dialects of the language • A dialect is distinctive enough in vocabulary and pronunciation to label its speaker • My Fair Lady, Cosby • Soda vs. Pop chart, map • Some 6,000 languages and many more dialects are spoken today

  5. How do you say? • Group of 2 or more; plural version of you?

  6. How do you say? • Sale of unwanted household items, maybe on a Sat. morning?

  7. How do you say? • Flying insect w/a rear section that glows?

  8. How do you say? • Big clumps of dust under furniture?

  9. How do you say? • Small lobster-like crustacean found in streams?

  10. How do you say? • Raining while the sun is shining?

  11. How do you say? • Gooey or dry matter in eyes b/c of sleep?

  12. How do you say? • General term for big road you can drive fast on?

  13. How do you say? • Group of 2 or more? http://www4.uwm.edu/FLL/linguistics/dialect/staticmaps/q_50.html • Sale of unwanted household items? http://www4.uwm.edu/FLL/linguistics/dialect/staticmaps/q_58.html • Flying insect w/a rear section that glows? http://www4.uwm.edu/FLL/linguistics/dialect/staticmaps/q_65.html • Small lobster-like crustacean found in streams? http://www4.uwm.edu/FLL/linguistics/dialect/staticmaps/q_66.html • Big clumps of dust under furniture? http://www4.uwm.edu/FLL/linguistics/dialect/staticmaps/q_72.html • Raining while the sun is shining? http://www4.uwm.edu/FLL/linguistics/dialect/staticmaps/q_80.html • Gooey or dry matter in eyes b/c of sleep? http://www4.uwm.edu/FLL/linguistics/dialect/staticmaps/q_82.html • General term for big road you can drive fast on? http://www4.uwm.edu/FLL/linguistics/dialect/staticmaps/q_79.html http://www4.uwm.edu/FLL/linguistics/dialect/maps.html

  14. English dialects in the United States • Dialects reveal a vivid geography • American English is hardly uniform from region to region • At least three major dialects, corresponding to major culture regions, developed in the eastern United States by the time of the American Revolution • Northern • Midland • Southern

  15. U.S. Folk House Forms Fred Kniffen-3 major hearths of folk house forms in the US: NE- saltbox, two-chimney, cape cod, front gable and wing Mid-Atlantic: “I” house Lower Chesapeake (or Tidewater) one story w/steep roof and two chimneys

  16. Diffusion of folk housing forms

  17. Diffusion of folk housing forms

  18. English dialects in the United States • The three subcultures expanded westward and their dialects spread and fragmented • Retained much of their basic character even beyond the Mississippi River • Have distinctive vocabularies and pronunciations • Drawing dialect boundaries is often tricky

  19. English dialects in the United States • Today, many regional words are becoming old-fashioned, but new words display regional variations • The following words are all used to describe a controlled-access divided highway • Freeway — a California word • Turnpike and parkway — mainly northeastern and Midwestern words • Thruway, expressway, and interstate

  20. Historical Linkages among Languages • Indo-European language family • Proto-Indo-European language • Nostratic Language

  21. Renfrew • http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00maplinks/overview/indoeuropean/indoeuropean.html

  22. Gimbutas - Kurgan

  23. Language Formation • the origins of Sanskrit • Language of ancient Indian religious & literary texts • Resembles Greek and Latin • What accounts for similarities between different languages? • Milk in 4 different languages: lacte, latta, leche, & lait • Latin, Italian, Spanish, and French 言語ユニット

  24. Which languages share a common ancestor? Some Indo-European Shared Words Many Indo-European languages have common words for snow, winter, spring; for dog, horse, cow, sheep bear but not camel, lion, elephant, or tiger; for beech, oak, pine, willow, but not palm or banyan tree.

  25. How do Languages Diffuse? • human interaction • print distribution/internet • migration • trade • rise of nation-states • colonialism

  26. Austronesian diffusion • Presumed hearth in the interior of Southeast Asia 5,000 years ago • Initially spread southward into the Malay Peninsula • Sailing and navigation was the key to Austronesian spread, not agriculture

  27. Austronesian language family • Speakers live mainly on tropical islands • Ranges from Madagascar, through Indonesia and the Pacific Islands, to Hawaii and Easter Island • Largest single language in this family is Indonesian —5O million speakers • Most widespread language is Polynesian

  28. Austronesian diffusion • Geographers John Webb and Gerard Ward studied the prehistoric Polynesian diffusion • Their method involved the development of a computer model building in data on: • Winds • Ocean currents • Vessel traits and capabilities • Island visibility • Duration of voyage, etc. • Both drift and navigated voyages were considered

  29. Language Divisions • Language Families • Language Branches • Language Groups • Languages • Dialects • Accents

  30. Language Divisions for English -- Indo-European -- Germanic -- West Germanic -- English -- Northeastern -- Boston (Pak da ka o-fa dere, pleese!) • Language Families • Language Branches • Language Groups • Languages • Dialects • Accents

  31. How are Languages Formed? • Language divergence – when a lack of spatial interaction among speakers of a language breaks the language into dialects and then new languages. • Examples • American English vs. British English • Soccer/football, biscuit (cookie/scone), to table (wait/open to discussion) • Icelandic vs. Norwegian

  32. How are Languages Formed? Language convergence – when peoples with different languages have consistent spatial interaction and their languages collapse into one. • Examples • Situation in Balkans – mix between Slavic, Albanian, and Greek (common when languages are geographically close and have a common structure) • Borrowing from other languages • Creoles

  33. Language Group Branch Family

  34. Language families • The Indo-European language family • Largest most wide-spread family • Spoken on all continents • Subfamilies—Romance, Slavic, Germanic, Indic, Celtic, and Iranic • Seven Indo-European tongues are among the top 10 languages spoken in the world

  35. Indo-European Language Family (50% of World) • Main Branches: • Germanic - Dutch, German • Romance - Spanish, French • Baltic-Slavic - Russian • Indo-Iranian - Hindu, Bengali

  36. Germanic Branch - Icelandic Iceland colonized by Norwegians in AD 874. Largely unchanged because of isolation. .

  37. Indo-European Language Family - Germanic Branch • West Germanic • English (514 million) • German (128) • Dutch (21) • East Germanic • Danish (5) • Norwegian (5) • Swedish (9)

  38. Germanic Branch - English Diffused throughout the world by hundreds of years of British colonialism. Brought to New World by British colonies in 1600s. Has become an important global lingua franca.

  39. Development of English • Germanic Tribes (Germany/Denmark) • Jutes • Angles • Saxons • Vikings (Norway) • 9th - 11th Centuries • Normans (French) • Battle of Hastings, 1066 • French was official language for 150 years.

  40. Development of English - Adopted Words • Germanic Tribes (Germany/Denmark) • kindergarten, angst, noodle, pretzel • Vikings (Norway) • take, they, reindeer, window • Normans (French) • renaissance, mansion, village, guardian • How the English Language Developed

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