Oregon Blueberries to Korea

1. Oregon Blueberries to Korea 2019 Grower and Packer Meeting March 21, 2019

2. Oregon Blueberries to Korea YEAR 8

3. 2019 Season Overview • Six (6) packing facilities and 11 growers have registered for the 2019 Oregon blueberries to Korea export program • The Operational Guidelines have been revised (current version is dated March 20, 2019) to reflect changes that will be implemented in response to quarantine pest detections in Korea • The revisions will be effective for the 2019 export season.

4. 2019 Update - Import Requirement changes • On January 3, 2018, Korea asked APHIS to confirm agreement with the changes to the import requirements that would harmonize Korea’s import regulations with what had been done operationally since 2016. • APHIS agreed to the changes on March 23, 2018, but Korea still has not updated their import requirements to reflect those changes.

5. 2019 Updates (cont.) – SOD field surveys Phytopthora ramorum (SOD) update: • Official field inspections for SOD are still required • APHIS continues to push for removal of the requirement for annual field surveys for Phytopthora ramorum (SOD) • Korea still maintains that it might be possible for SOD to be transmitted via Oregon blueberry fruit • It is unlikely that agreement will be reached for the 2019 season

6. 2019 Updates (cont.) – On-site audit • An on-site audit by Korea’s APQA will take place during the 2019 season, likely in July • Fields and facilities which were associated with pest detections in 2018 will likely be visited

7. 2018 Season Quarantine Pest Detections in Korea The 2018 season accounted for the highest number of pest detections in Korea of any of the 7 seasons to date • Intercepted pests were: • 3 Larva of Argyrotaenia citrana (orange tortix) • 2 Larva of Grapholita packardii ( cherry fruitworm) • APHIS conducted investigations into the situation around each of the pest detections

8. 2018 Season Quarantine Pest Detections in Korea • 4 different shipments were found to be infested • Two different packing facilities and two different growers were involved • The two detections of cherry fruitworm and two of the detections of orange tortrix were traced back to a single production field

9. 2018 Season Quarantine Pest Detections in Korea • This was the fourth year of detections of orange tortrix in blueberries from Oregon; it was the first year of cherry fruitworm detections

10. 2018 Season Quarantine Pest Detections in Korea • Korea stated they were “deeply concerned” about the repeated pest detections which could mean that the systems approach failed • Korea asked APHIS to identify management measures to prevent detections in the future • On August 22, 2018, APHIS met with representatives from ODA, OHBC, the OR blueberry industry, and PCAs to identify improvement measures to prevent future detections

11. So what did we learn about the 2018 detections?

12. OT Detections – Field situation • Cultivated blackberries, a preferred OT host, were adjacent to both fields • Migration of adults from those preferred hosts likely contributed to the orange tortix detections

13. OT Detections- field situation (cont.). • In both cases, the adjacent blackberry fields used an reduced pruning trellising system • Old canes are not removed but are left for support • A thicket of canes is created • Retained or trapped leaves within the thicket can provide overwintering sites for OT

14. OT Detections- field situation (cont.). • Very high counts of OT (100 & 191) were trapped in one of the fields in mid-May • OT trap catches of over the threshold, but at lower levels (30), were also recorded in the second field in mid-May • The high trap catches triggered intensified visual inspection, but no evidence of OT eggs or larvae were found at either location • Prophylactic controls targeting OT were applied at both locations (one by ground; one by air)

15. CFW Detections – Field situation • Bordering native plants, including choke cherry trees (Prunus virginiana), a wild preferred host of CFW, could have been the source of CFW infestation in the supplying field • However, no CFW were trapped

16. Other observations • Insect populations in general have been higher in Oregon the last few growing seasons as the result of mild winter and spring conditions • We now have seven years of experience implementing this program • As a result, we have learned that the timing of OT oviposition and larval presence does not correlate with directly with adult trap catches

17. Other observations (cont.) • In Oregon, the first oviposition by OT takes place approximately 6 weeks after trap placement • Prior to the time of the first oviposition, intensified visual inspections do not give a true picture of the potential fruit infestation • Visual inspection results during that time will always be negative and can give growers a false sense of security • Intensified visual inspections conducted during the time when oviposition can take place will give a better picture of potential fruit infestation

18. Other observations (cont.) • Trap catches during the initial trapping period are still useful to determine pest pressure in the individual field and to guide management decisions • Trapping program improvements will be implemented beginning with the 2019 season to address those issues

19. Other observations (cont.) • Our experience confirms that CFW is a rare pest of OR blueberries • However, feeding damage is obvious and infested berries should be removed during the packing and sorting process • Improvement measures to prevent future detections of CFW will be focused at the packing facility

20. Repeat of takeaway message from 2017 • It may be beneficial to target some scouting on edges of fields immediately bordering areas with preferred hosts and possible higher pressure areas • Be aware of possible higher pressure areas outside of registered production fields • Even when controls have been applied to obtain a low pest prevalence status in the production field, it may be difficult to obtain 100% control especially when using softer chemicals under continued high pest pressure situations • Consider program implications of potential quarantine pest detections when making the decision to export blueberries from fields with higher pest pressures

21. Improvement Measures Effective beginning with the 2019 Season • Improvement measure will be implemented at three levels: • Program implementation • Mandatory training • Production field • Changes to trapping protocol • Packing facilities • Additional measures

22. Mandatory training • All new program participants MUST attend APHIS/ODA training before being approved to participate in the OR blueberries to Korea export program • Training is also mandatory for all program participants involved in pest detections or other non-compliances the previous season • If you are here today- you have fulfilled that requirement

23. Changes to Trapping Protocol – Response to Trap Catches Above Thresholds Reminder: Trap Catch Thresholds: • OT = 20 moths caught in any trap during any single week of the trapping survey • OBLR = 20 moths caught in any trap during any single week of the trapping survey • CFW = 2 moths caught in any trap during any single week of the trapping survey

24. Response to Trap Catches Above Threshold During the Initial Month of Trapping • During the initial month of trapping, if the trap catch threshold for OT or CFW is exceeded: • For two consecutive weeks OR • In two or more traps during any week • Then a non-aerial application of a control targeting the relevant pest must be applied immediately (before the next trap check)

25. Response to Trap Catches Above Threshold After Initial Lure Replacement • If the trap catch in any individual trap exceeds the trap threshold for OT or CFW at any time after the initial lure replacement (required at the 4th trap check), then: • An intensified visual inspection must be conducted • The intensified visual inspection must be conducted 6-8 days AFTER the date that the threshold was exceeded • If the grower wishes to harvest fruit before the intensified visual inspection is conducted, a non-aerial control must be applied

26. Packing Facilities – Additional Measures • Visual aids showing insect damage to blueberries must be posted in appropriate areas of the packing facility, such as at: • Sorting tables • QC stations • Fruits will be tested upon arrival at the packing facility for larvae • Packing facilities must have a designated are for fruit testing with good lighting and appropriate equipment and materials

27. Additional Measures – Fruit testing • Upon arrival at the packing facility, each load of fruit will be sampled and tested, using salt water (or sugar water) flotation method, to confirm freedom from OT, OBLR, and CFW larvae • This procedure is the same as used to inspect for Drosophila suzukii (SWD) larvae) • An example of the inspection process may be found in “A Detailed Guide for Testing Fruit for the Presence of Spotted Winged Drosophila (SWD) Larvae” located at: https://catalog.extension.oregonstate.edu/em9096

28. Additional Measures – Fruit testing (cont.) • A representative sample of fruit (about one quart or 1.5 lbs.) will be collected randomly from each load of fruit arriving at the packing facility. • Each fruit sample will be subjected to either a salt or brown sugar water flotation test to confirm freedom from OT, OBLR and CFW larvae. • The testing must be conducted by trained packing facility staff, and is subject to oversight/monitoring by regulatory officials

29. Additional Measures – Fruit testing (cont.) • The solution must be carefully inspected for larvae. • Any larvae detected must collected and provided to an APHIS approved regulatory official for identification, or confirmation of identification.

30. Additional Measures – Fruit testing (cont.) • Examples of solution composition follow: • Salt solution: Dissolve 1 cup of salt in one gallon of water. • Sugar solution: Dissolve 2.5 cups (650 gms) of brown sugar in one gallon of water. The resulting solution should have a brix reading of at least 15. • The solution must be carefully inspected for larvae.

31. Additional Measures – Fruit testing (cont.) • Any larvae detected must collected and provided to an APHIS approved regulatory official for identification, or confirmation of identification. • The results of each fruit sample inspection must be documented on the form provided by APHIS (an equivalent document may be used if approved by APHIS).

32. Additional Measures – Fruit testing (cont.) • If any larvae of OT, OBLR or CFW is detected during this fruit sampling, fruit from that lot will not be eligible to pack for export to Korea. • A copy of the inspection results confirming that all lots in the consignment were found to be free of larvae of OT, OBLR and CFW must be provided to ODA with the request for phytosanitary inspection.

33. Packing Facility Arrival Inspection Record

34. End of Part One Questions?

35. Review of Production Field Requirements • Each registered production field must be identified with a unique code (referred to as the “grower lot”) • The grower lot is made up of two parts: • The grower code (assigned by ODA) • The individual field number (assigned by the grower) • Field numbers shall consist of three digits, or three alpha-numeric characters. • The grower lot number is used throughout the program to identify that specific production lot

36. Example of Production Field Identification Code (Grower Lot) • Grower Name: • Bodacious Blues • ODA Assigned Grower Code: • 777 • Production Field: • Borderline Ranch • Field number assigned by grower: 100 • Blueberries grown by Bodacious Blues at their Borderline Ranch will be identified as: • Grower Lot Number 777-100

37. Quarantine Pests Requiring Specific Mitigation Measures • Pathogens: • Monilinia vaccinii-corymbosi (Mummy Berry) • Phytophthora ramorum (Sudden Oak Death-SOD) • Insects: • Argyrotaenia citrana (Orange Tortrix) • Choristoneura rosaceana (Oblique Banded Leafroller) • Grapholita packardi (Cherry Fruitworm)

38. Other Quarantine Pests of Concern • ODA must be notified immediately if any of the following five quarantine pests are detected in Oregon blueberry production: • Conotrachelus nenuphar (plum curculio) • Rhagoletis mendax (blueberry maggot) • Rhagoletis tabullaria (white banded fruitfly) • Acrobasis vaccinii (cranberry fruitworm) • Epiphyas postvittana (light brown apple moth) • The following two pests occur in Oregon but are also considered by Korea to be quarantine pests: • Hemiberlesia rapax (Greedy scale) • Leptocoris trivittatus (Eastern Boxelder bug)

39. Official Field Inspections for Pathogens • Official field inspections conducted by the Oregon Department of Agriculture (ODA) are required: • To certify absence of SOD • Once each year during the growing season • Only fruit from fields that are free of SOD is eligible for export to Korea • APHIS will disqualify grower lots from production fields where SOD is confirmed

40. Low Pest Presence or Pest Freedom in Production Fields • Low pest populations or pest freedom must be maintained in each production field for: • Monilinia vaccinii-corymbosi (Mummy Berry) • Argyrotaenia citrana (Orange Tortrix) • Choristoneura rosaceana (Oblique Banded Leafroller) • Grapholita packardi (Cherry Fruitworm)

41. Confirmation of Low Pest Presence or Pest Freedom in Production Fields • Monitoring and/or trapping surveys must be conducted by commercial pest consultants (PCAs) or ODA in each registered production field for : • Mummy berry disease • Orange Tortrix (OT) • Oblique Banded Leafroller (OBLR) • Cherry Fruitworm (CFW)

42. Monitoring and Trap Survey Requirements • Scouting (visual inspection) for mummy berry must be conducted: • During the growing season when fruit is beginning to size and prior to harvest • Trap surveys and scouting for the presence of OT, OBLR and CFW must be conducted: • During the growing season from petal fall through harvest

43. Recording Monitoring and Trap Survey Results • Results must be recorded on the standard APHIS forms • Copies of monitoring records, trap survey records, records of intensified visual inspection (if applicable) and pesticide application records (if applicable) must be provided to: • Packing facilities prior to packing fruit from that production field • APHIS and ODA when requested

44. Monitoring Record for Mummyberry Showing Production Field Information Grower Code Field Location Grower Name

45. . Mummy Berry Requirements are determined by the history of the disease in the production field Previous season- No Mummy Berry Previous season - Mummy Berry

46. Production Fields with History of Mummy Berry Infection • A preventative spring fungicide must be applied • Controls must be specifically identified on pesticide usage records • Intensified monitoring must include: • Monitoring of spring growth • Fruit monitoring

47. Example of Pesticide Usage Record Showing Preventative Fungicide

48. Monitoring (Scouting) Record for Mummy berry Record of monitoring during spring growth Record of fruit monitoring

49. Production Fields with No History of Mummy Berry Infection Required: • Standard monitoring guidelines must be followed • Fruit monitoring must be conducted Optional: • Application of a preventive spring fungicide • Monitoring of spring growth

50. Detection of mummy berry infection in production fields during fruit monitoring The infection level must be estimated and documented on the scouting record for that field