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Campaign Years of 1778 - 1781. After the failure of the British plans for 1776 and 1777, the war changes and becomes harder to follow:. The British still control New York City and the Americans fortify the Hudson Valley to keep the British bottled up.
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After the failure of the British plans for 1776 and 1777, the war changes and becomes harder to follow: • The British still control New York City and the Americans fortify the Hudson Valley to keep the British bottled up. • The Iroquois become involved and there is fighting on the New York and Pennsylvania frontiers. • Fighting in the Ohio Country • 1778 – Battle of Monmouth – “Molly Pitcher” – Sir Henry Clinton ( B ) replaces Sir William Howe ( B ) as British commander.
1779 – Spain declares war on England • Bernardo de Galvez • Governor of Spanish Louisiana who supports the Americans even before Spain enters the war
Gen. Anthony Wayne ( A ) • 1779 – Gen Anthony Wayne ( A ) wins the Battle of Stony Point in the Hudson Valley
Major fighting moves to the South and Americans suffer some of the worst defeats of the war at Savannah, Charleston and Camden. Many Loyalists in the South. • Benedict Arnold “turns his coat” and goes over to the British side. • American privateers attack British shipping and coastal towns. British attack and burn American towns along Long Island Sound in Connecticut and Rhode Island where many of the privateers are built and manned. • Nathaniel Greene, Daniel Morgan and Francis Marion turn the tide in the South and the British are defeated and forced to surrender at Yorktown, Virginia.
New York and Pennsylvania Frontiers • Native Americans divided over who to support • Iroquois Confederacy divided – Confederacy Council fire goes out • Mohawk, Seneca, Cayuga and Onondaga support the British • Oneida and Tuscarora support the Americans • Joseph Brant – Mohawk chief, Sir John Johnson ( L ), and John and Walter Butler ( L ) lead many of the frontier raids
New York and Pennsylvania Frontiers • 1778 – “Year of the Massacres” on the New York and Pennsylvania frontiers • Clinton – Sullivan Campaign – James Clinton ( A ) and John Sullivan ( A ) • Destroy the Iroquois ability to make war • Battle of Newtown ( A ) • Clinton – Sullivan Campaign did not end the frontier raids.
Ohio Country • George Rogers Clark ( A ) – captures forts at Kaskaskia, Cahokia and Vincennes – defeats the “Hairbuyer” ( B )
War in the South • Nathaniel Greene ( A ), Daniel Morgan ( A ) and Francis Marion “The Swamp Fox” • Lord Charles Cornwallis ( B ) and Loyalists
1776 – Battle of Moore’s Creek Bridge – “Lexington and Concord of the South”
1779 – British capture Savannah, Georgia 1780 – British capture Charleston, South Carolina Battle of Camden ( B ) –Horatio Gates ( A ) vs Lord Charles Cornwallis ( B ) Battle of King’s Mountain ( A ) – Maj Robert Ferguson ( B ) War in the South
1781 • Battle of Cowpens ( A ) – Daniel Morgan ( A ) vs Banastre Tarleton ( B ) • Battle of Guilford Courthouse ( B ) – Nathaniel Greene ( A ) vs Lord Charles Cornwallis ( B ) • Battle of Yorktown ( A ) – George Washington ( A ) and Count Rochambeau ( F ) vs Lord Charles Cornwallis ( B ) – British surrender – last major battle of the revolution
Treason of Benedict Arnold • 1780 – Arnold gives the plans to the fortifications at West Point to the British • John Andre ( B ) caught and executed as a spy • Arnold goes to the British side and fights with them for the rest of the war. Fights in Virginia, Connecticut and Rhode Island.
Treaty of Paris of 1783 • American negotiators – Ben Franklin, John Jay and John Adams • United States free and independent nation • Boundaries • North – Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River • West – Mississippi River • South – Florida • British abandon forts in the Northwest • United States pay loyalists for property
