Rome: from beginning to end

1. Rome: from beginning to end

2. Rome founded around 750 B.C. Two theories: Mythical Physical Who were they? Latins Etruscans Greeks What was borrowed to shape Roman culture? Agriculture Skills Education Architecture Religion Rome: early roots

3. Size of Rome in the early Republic

4. Rome: forming the Republic • Early Kings • Etruscan: Tarquin the Proud • Why so irritated by Etruscan rule? • 509 B.C. last Etruscan King • What then begins? Think hard!!

5. Republic: Power in the people to elect their leaders

6. Roman System -- based on balance of interests American System -- based on balance of powers/functions Note: The only legitimate interest is that of the people

7. Republic: Power in the people to elect their leaders • Consuls: Leaders (2) to make governmental and military decisions • One year long • 10 year absence • One has veto power over the other

8. Twelve Tables Victory for Plebeians 451 B.C. Prevent interpretation Protection under the law for all Assemblies Were the Tribunes worked Appointed Consuls Dictator Leader with absolute power Could make laws Chosen by consuls Elected by senate Attributes of the Republic

9. Roman Military • Roman Army • Required for land owners • 10 years required for office • Legions • 5000 men • Smaller 80 men groups (century) • Group of soldiers on horseback support legions (Calvary)

10. Roman Warfare • With a partner create a timeline of Rome’s rise to power through its military. • Include the following events or people • Dominate central Italy • Punic Wars I, II, III • Hannibal • Scipio

11. Rome: Where is Carthage?

12. Rome: Punic Wars • 264 B. C. war erupts • Carthage Mediterranean power • Control’s Sicily, however happily gave it up in first treaty following First Punic War • What comes next?

13. Rome: Punic Wars • Second Punic War • Hannibal: 29 year old general • Brilliant military leader • Avenge Carthages defeat • Assembled a massive army • 50,000 infantry • 9,000 calvary • 60 Elephants

14. Rome: Second Punic War

15. Rome: Final Punic War • Hannibal had success at Cannae • However failed to overtake Rome • Scipio Roman Hannibal like figure • Wanted to put a final end to threat • Carthage for the most part non-factor but decided to destroy Carthage Cato the elder

16. Inside Check!! • 750 BC – Rome Founded • 600 BC Etruscan King • 509 BC Aristocrats Rule – Republic • 264 BC Punic Wars • 133/121 BC Gracchus Brothers killed • 88-30 BC Roman Civil Wars • 31 BC Battle of Actium • 27 BC Octavian becomes Augustus Emperor of Rome

17. Rome: The Empire Brings Change • Remember what the Republic was? • Growth brought political, social, and economic changes • Widening gap between the rich and poor • Latifundia – Patrician estates • Where were these from? • Massive Latifundia cause problems • Lost land and life to Patricians

18. Republic finally collapses Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus – helped the poor as tribune Limiting estate sizes Both were killed ultimately for what? Civil War or unrest The savage beasts have their… dens…, but the men who bear arms and expose their lives for the safety of their country, enjoy…nothing more in it but the air and light…and wander from place to place with their wives and children. – Tiberius Gracchus Rome: Empire Brings Change

19. During War allegiance of solders changes Gaius Marius & Cornelius Sulla 88-82 Rise of Julius Caesar occurs because of void 60 B.C. 1st Triumvirate Caesar, Crassus, Pompey Rome: A change is on its way

20. Caesar was appointed Consul for one year He then became governor of Gaul Three leaders would run the empire Untill???? What stopped Caesar’s rule in Gaul? Rome: A change is on the way

21. 50 B.C. Pompey has the Senate remove Caesar from Gaul 49 B. C. Caesar returns 44 B. C. Dictator for life Absolute Ruler How did Caesar create change? Who might be jealous? What might happen? March 15, 44 B.C. The Ides of March “Et tu, Brute?”I Rome: A change is on the way

22. After Caesar’s death another Civil War breaks out Octavian leads the charge – grand nephew Mark Antony, Lepidus Second Triumvirate Jealousy Actium 31B.C. Antony and Cleopatra Rome: The Empire Begins

23. Rome: The Empire • 3 Million Square miles, 60-80 million total population • 1 million in the city of Rome • Agriculture the number one economic resource • Roman Roads: Purpose? Original Purpose?

24. The Transfer of Power The Bad Emperors Caligula Nero Domitian The Good Emperors Nerva Trajan Hadrian Antoninus Pius Marcus Aurelius Rome: The Empire

25. AUGUSTUS27 BCE - 14 CE TIBERIUS14 - 37 CE CALIGULA37 - 41 CE CLAUDIUS41 - 54 CE NERO54 - 68 CE This dynasty is known as the Julio-Claudians Derived from two families Julian and Claudian Rome: JULIO-CLAUDIAN EMPERORS

26. Wise politician Gave up power to receive it Principate Praetorian Guard All offices had been in existence under the Republic, but not in one persons hand Imperator – military Tribunicia Potesta- protector of the commoners Legal power---not dictatorship Not so wise Militarily Marcus Agrippa led much of his military campaigns Civil Service – Tax, postal, grain Biggest fault…a successor Rome: Augustus

27. Adopted with much reluctance Paranoid about coups Distanced himself from leadership roles Sejanus - Praetorian Guard Treason Trials Coin in the potty Funny how you die…Pillow fight!! Rome: Tiberius

28. Grand Nephew of Tiberius Ruled for only four years Gaius??Caligula?? Little Boots Hated name… punished if said Became increasingly nuts Trusted know one… not even Macro Killed and befriended all Incest… a lie? Like to spend money!! Bay of Naples and Chariot Race Be my priest please? Rome: Caligula

29. Was named by Praetorian Guard as Emperor A chance to restore republic…get rid of what? Who didn’t want this? Also feared assassination Expanded into Britain Wife was very scheming.. Plot to kill Married Agrippina, Caligulas sister Elevate Nero to Emperor The Mushroom…ouch Rome: Claudius

30. First five years rather calm Man of the Arts Killed wives, step brother What to do with Agrippa? Exile The great boat ride…ouch Murder Lost out with aristocrats Went on trip through Greece Distanced himself Guard turned on him and went after him “Oh what an artist the world is losing.” Rome: Nero

31. The Rise of Christianity • Roman Gods were impersonal… Boring • Christianity was a movement born with Judaism … a personal relationship • 63 BC • Romanize … Herod

32. The Rise of Christianity • Herod - ruled with iron fist • Dies… Revolt of Romans … 6 AD Roman Province • Zealots – Rid Judea of Romans • Another group believed that the Messiah would appear to restore the kingdom of the Jews • Jesus 6- 4 B.C. Born in Judea • Age 30 Public Ministry • What were his teachings?

33. The Rise of Christianity • The Apostles • Teachings brought great fame • A threat to Romans and Jews • Blasphemy… • Pontius Pilate – Roman Governor • Sentenced to death.. Three Days Later?? • Jesus the Messiah • Peter and other apostles • Paul led small group which created Christianity

34. The Rise of Christianity • Jewish Rebellion over Land • Diaspora … 1800 years and gone • Rome sees as a threat. 64 AD Nero • Persecutions • AD 312 Constantine • Milvian Brridge • Edict of Milan • Heresy – New Testament Nicene Creed

35. The Niddy Griddy • Why did Christianity Grow? • ______________ • ______________ • ______________ • ______________ • ______________ • What critical moment occurred in AD 312? Impact?