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Mr. Cargile Mission Hills H.S., San Marcos CA. California Content Standard 10.3.1. Specific Objective: Analyze why England was the first country to industrialize. What would you do to change your situation?. 1. What factory conditions concern you the most?.
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Mr. Cargile Mission Hills H.S., San Marcos CA
California Content Standard 10.3.1
Specific Objective: Analyze why England was the first country to industrialize
What would you do to change your situation? 1. What factory conditions concern you the most? 2. Would you attempt to change conditions in the factory? 3. Would you join a union, go to school, or run away? As we discuss the Industrial Revolution and the changes caused by industrialization, note how reform movements eventually improve conditions for all laborers, including children.
Summary • The Industrial Revolution began in England in the mid-1700s. • In a century that followed, factories and machines transformed the nation and spread throughout Europe and North America. • Instead of using hand tools to make household quantities, people came to rely on machinery to produce large amounts of goods to be sold in shops.
Why Did Industrialization Begin in England First?
Industrial England: "Workshop of the World" That Nation of Shopkeepers! -- Napoleon Bonaparte
A: Economic Strength • During the 1600s, overseas exploration had opened new markets for England, and led to a thriving economy base on money. • British merchants invested money in new industries. • New financial institutions such as banks offered business loans that helped spur industrial growth. The most famous was the powerful Bank of England, 1694.
A: Geography & Natural Resources • England’s rivers offered a dual advantage. Fast-flowing rivers were a source of water power to fuel machinery, and throughout the nation rivers provided inland transportation routes for industrial goods. • In addition, England’s excellent natural harbors were a benefit to merchant ships.
Early Canals Britain’s Earliest Transportation Infrastructure
Question: How did improvements in transportation promote industrialization in Britain? Answer: Canals cut the cost of transporting materials; improved roads fostered the movement of heavy wagons; railroads linked manufacturing cities with raw materials.
A: Geography & Natural Resources • England had rich natural resources in the form of coal and iron mines. Coal was a valuable source of energy to fuel machinery, and iron was used to make machines and products, such as tools and cookware. • A region in west central England became known as the Black Country for its smoke clouds from factories burning coal and smelting iron.
Mine & Forge [1840-1880] • More powerful than water is coal. • More powerful than wood is iron. • Innovations make steel feasible. • “Puddling” [1820] – “pig iron.” • “Hot blast” [1829] – cheaper, purer steel. • Bessemer process [1856] – strong, flexible steel.
A: Population Growth [I] • Scientific improvements in farming during the 1700s led to more crops and healthier livestock – an Agricultural Revolution that brought more food to the people
A: Population Growth [2] • A larger population meant greater demand for goods and more available labor.
Child Labor in the Mines Child “hurriers”
Question: What were some of the effects of enclosure and crop rotation? Possible Answer: Enclosureresulted in experiments with new agricultural methods, and it caused many small farmers to move to the cities. Crop Rotation produced increased yields.
A: Political Stability • An isolated, island nation, England participated in European wars of the 18th and early 19th centuries, but never on home ground. • England’s industrial growth was not interrupted by war.
Question #1 • What was a direct effect of increased food production during Europe’s Agricultural Revolution? • New markets opened. • Overseas trade increased. • The population increased. • Excess food was wasted. 1/7
Question #2 • During the 1600s, Europe developed a thriving economy based on • Barter. • Money. • Banking. • Factories. 2/7
Question #3 • A defining feature of Europe’s Industrial Revolution was that many commercial goods were • Purchased in overseas markets. • Manufactured in less developed countries. • Sold without economic barriers such as tariffs. • Made by machine rather than by hand. 3/7
Question #4 • A geographic advantage of England in the Industrial Revolution was its • Natural harbors. • National bank. • Central location in Europe. • Central mountain range. 4/7
Question #5 • The “Black Country” of England was known for its • Forest fires. • Smoke from coal. • Fast-flowing rivers. • Political stability. 5/7
Question #6 • What was one important power source for factories in 18th-century England? • Gas • Electricity • Oil • water 6/7
Question #7 • Which of the following explains why England was the first country to industrialize? • England was home to more scientists and inventors than any other nation. • England was an island nation. • England was a relatively free society with a vast overseas empire to buy its products. • England’s population was more educated than populations in other parts of the world. 7/7
California Content Standard 10.3.2 Inventions and Social Change
Specific Objective: Examine how scientific and technological changes and new forms of energy brought about massive social, economic, and cultural change. California Content Standard 10.3.2
Summary Machinery made the Industrial Revolution possible. Reliance on machinery defined the revolution from its earliest days, and technological innovation drove its development. California Content Standard 10.3.2
New Inventions of the Industrial Revolution
Technological Innovation of the Industrial Revolution
Crystal Palace Exhibition: 1851 Exhibitions of the new industrial utopia.
Spread of Technology [1] • By the 1840s, England had become a nation connected by railroads. Around the same time, the United States, Russia, and European nations, such as France and Germany, developed rail systems too. Railroads transported goods and linked commercial centers.
