Carlos Gussenhoven Radboud University Nijmegen

1. Carlos Gussenhoven Radboud University Nijmegen Word Accents and Tones in Sentence PerspectiveA symposium in conjunction with the 60th birthday of Professor Gösta Bruce Lund UniversityJanuary 10, 2007

2. Outline • Phonological sketch • Prosodic syllable types • A corpus à la Bruce 1977 • Positional allophony • ‘Tone sandhi’ • Prosodic expression of focus

3. Segments and syllables p’ p b t’ t k’ k ʔ i u ts’ ts tʃ’ tʃ e o s ʃ h a m n  w l j CV(V)(C) V ‘Short’ VV ‘Long’ Glottalized ~ Plain: VV ~ V’V

4. Words l kaj ‘fish’ h kaan ‘snake’ h h mu.kuj ‘turtle dove’ l h su.ku’un ‘older brother’ h l tsíi.min ‘horse’ (h h síi.na’an ‘scorpion’) h lh júu.ka.taan ‘Yucatan’ h l h l káas.ta.jaa.noh ‘Spanish’ C]

5. Short ʔek ‘wasp’ Long High ʔáak ‘turtle’ Long Low koot ‘wall’ Glottalized ku’uk ‘squirrel’ Word prosody ‘High tone is a fall finally and a high in penultimate position’ (Blair & Vermont-Salas) ‘There is no tone really’ (Archibald) F0 contours (Fischer)

6. Word prosody - stress • h is stressed (tsíi.min, su.ku’un) • word-initial l is stressed (kaj, mu.kuj) • stressed syllables are tone bearers • function words have no stress (kin ‘1SG’)

7. Glottal closures ʔe’el ‘egg’ k’i’ik’ ‘blood’ ts’u’uts’ ‘kiss’ p’áaʔ ‘open slightly’ ʔiʔ ‘hawk’

8. Glottalized • CVCVC: vowels tends to be the same • *CVʔVC • 1. Morphological process treat CV(V)(C) as monosyllabic: root imperfective • ʔah - ʔa.hal ‘wake up’ • ʔéem - ʔée.mel ‘descend’ • he’el - he’e.lel ‘rest’ (Bricker 344) • 2. CVʔV would be tonally restricted to H-toned, CVCV to L-toned. No other ʔ has this restriction. (But ?* CVVʔV)

9. Research questions • How are the four ‘tones’ pronounced? • What is their phonology? • How does sentence phonology affect the pronunciation of the tones? • ‘Tone sandhi’ • Information structure

10. Four male speakers in the Bay Area, aged 24-45 From Santa Elena, Uxbal, Oxkutzkab Scripted speech (Thanks to Lisa Bennet)

11. SANTA ELENA ▲OXKUZKAB ▲

12. A corpus kaj ‘fish’ us ‘gnat’ k’áan, páay ‘hammock’ míis ‘broom’ kaan ‘snake’ miis ‘cat’ ka’an ‘sky’ me’ex ‘beard’ sak ‘white’ jáax ‘first’ boox ‘dark, dirty’ ja’ax ‘green’ wilik ‘see’ tsíi’tik ‘write’ meentik ‘manufacture, do’ cha’antk ‘look at’

13. A corpus Adjective: Adj Noun 32 Basic VP: Kin Verb Noun 32 Penultimate: Kin Verb le Noun-oʔ 32 Initial Noun kin Verb 32 New Ma kin Verb X, kin Verb Y 32 Old Ma kin Verb X, kin Verb X 32 192

14. Ya’ax míis. 15

15. Kin meentik le kàano’. 16

16. Má kin dzíi’tik tsuutsuy, kin dzíi’tik kay. 17

17. Má kin wu'uyik us, kin wilik us. 18

18. Positional variation • Final vs Initial • Final vs Penultimate

29. Allophonic variation for Long High and Glottalized Short Long High Long Low Glottalized

30. Split TBUsLexical H σσσσ μμμμμμμ H H kay paay kaan ka’an

31. Split TBUsLexical H σσσσ μμμμμμμ L H L H kay paay kaan ka’an

32. Final occurrence σσσσ μμμμμμμ L L% H L% L L% H L% kay paay kaan ka’an

33. Initial occurrence σσσσ μμμμμμμ %L L %L H %L L %L H L kay paay kaan ka’an

34. Medial occurrence σσσσ μμμμμμμ L H L H L kay paay kaan ka’an

35. Gussenhoven 1983, 1991 John will know better H*LH*L L% That’ll be John there H*L H*L L% That’ll be John H*LH*L L%

36. ToBI as an allophonic transcription John will know better L*+H L+H* L-L% That’ll be John there L*+H H* L-L% That’ll be John L*+H H* L-L%

37. ToBI as an allophonic transcription John will know better L+H* L+H* L-L% That’ll be John there L+H* H* L-L% That’ll be John L+H* H* L-L%

40. Tone Sandhi • Downtrend may be sensitive to preceding or following tone • This may depend on phrase-type • It may apply to H or L or both • There may be anticipatory effects

43. Trigger: Pool across H-tones, across L-tonesTarget: Separate on the basis of L-tone, H-tone Are L-toned nouns and H-tones nouns equall affected?

46. No anticipatory effect in Noun kin Verb

47. YUCATEC MAYA DOWNSTEP • T → !T / {.... H --- .... }

48. Expressing information structure • Types of focus • informational focus Answer to WH-question • corrective focus Not X, but Y (contrastive focus) • re-activating focus As for X • Size of focus constituent • What happened? [Mary lost her VISA credit card] • What did Mary lose? Mary lost [her VISA credit card] • What credit card did Mary lose? Mary lost her [VISA] credit card

49. Ways of expressing information structure • Syntax • obligatory position in S • Focus particles • Morphology • Verbal affixes • Phonology • Phrasing • Deaccenting for ‘outside focus’ • Type of pitch accent • Phonetics • Hyperarticulation • pitch range • canonical pitch shapes • Nowhere

50. Informational focus in English: obligatory pitch accents • Size of focus constituent • What happened? [Mary lost her VISA credit card] • What did Mary lose? Mary lost [her VISA credit card] • What credit card did Mary lose? Mary lost her [VISA] credit card • Did Mary lose her VISA credit card? (Yes) Mary [polarity] lost her VISA credit card