The Disinfection Methods Used for Cryptosporidium parvum

1. Scanning electron micrograph of the surface of the small intestine, showing infection with the parasitic protozoan Cryptosporidium parvum, causes severe diarrhea By: PINAR ERYUVA The Disinfection Methods Used for Cryptosporidium parvum http://urbaneangel.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/cryptosporidium_parvum_012.jpg http://www.sciencephoto.com/images/download_lo_res.html?id=771120103

2. What isCryptosporidium parvum? History What does it do? Why is it important? What are the methods to disinfect it? overview

3. Cryptosporidium is a genus of protozoan parasites C.parvum has oocytes which can resist to hard conditions (high/low temperature, acidic environment, chlorine etc.) C. parvum is the most frequently found species in mammals such as humans and livestock animals. What is Cryptosporidium parvum

4. Ernest Edward TyzzerdescribedC. murisas anew genus and the type speciesin 1910. In 1912, He published his findings about Cryptosporidiumparvum. In 1971, the first Cryptosporidium case related to bovine diarrhea was reported. During the time, even though the potential danger of Cryptosporidium parvum was known, in 1993, this microorganism played its role at the largest outbreak occurred In 1993,the largest outbreak caused by this microorganism has occured in Milwaukee, WI, USA. During this outbreak, the estimated number of people who contracted the disease was 403,000. History http://books.google.com/books?id=-ammBhmPoXsC&pg=PA31&lpg=PA31&dq=c.+parvum+ernest&source=bl&ots=tvP6koHV0q&sig=sMkAntLdST4c4RSRnLUQhZZam0M&hl=en&ei=2FiZTebXA4jXiAKS6rmdCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBwQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=c.%20parvum%20ernest&f=false

5. The only stage of this microorganism found outside the host is the oocyststage, which may remain in water for over 140 days To infect the microvillus border of the gastrointestinal and respiratory epithelium of a wide range of hosts To infect many organisms and to transfer from animal to animal, animal to human, or human-to-human What does it do?

6. Effects on Humans • median duration of 9–15 days • watery diarrhea associated with abdominal cramps, anorexia, weight loss, nausea, vomiting, fatigue and low-grade fever • in the immunocompromised host, the symptoms are more severe sometimes it cause death of the hosts. • Effects on Animals • Mostly seen in the young animals • For daily calves, the age of infection is 8 – 15 days • The age of infection of beef calves is between 1-2 months • Weakness, weight loss, diarrhea What does it do?

7. Life cycle of c. parvum

8. The main source at developing and developed countries is the contaminated drinking water The reason is the higher need of livestock according to the population. Public areas and urban areas comes closer and it increases the risk of contamination of drinking water by feces of livestock animals. The groups with higher risks of infection can be listed as farmers, animal handlers, children and staff in day care centers, and health care workers. Why is it important? http://meatthefacts.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/2008/09/water_livestock.jpg

9. Why is it important?

11. For humans • The only FDA approved medicine for the treatment is AliniaTM for pediatric diarrhea • Nitazoxande for adult diarrhea • For healthy hosts only treatment is fluid and electrolyte replacement. • In the immunocompromisedhost, anti-retroviral therapy can be applied. • For animals • The short-term feeding (2–3 days) of young calves by the ionophore polyether antibiotic with relatively high levels (6–15 mg/kg/day) Treatment and disinfection methods

12. to limit and to decrease the contact between public and urban areas • to build live stocks away from public drinking water supply • animal facilities should be away from also streams and rivers • Water purification and filtration • Testing the water quality periodically • 1 micron filter • Boiling water for public usage • Public should be educated • Personal hygiene should be considered (washing hands etc.) • Ultraviolet portion of the sunlight should be researched a as a disinfection method Disinfection and control methods

13. Cryptosporidium parvumis a protozoan parasite that may infect animals and humans It has been discovered in 1912 and recognized as a human pathogen since 1976. The disease caused by C.parvum is Cryptosporidiosis. The main source of this microorganism is the water supplies. There is no effective therapy or chemical disinfection methods. Government should control the quality of water supplies and live stocks periodically. Public should be educated. Conclusion

14. Fayer, R. (2004). Cryptosporidium: a water-borne zoonotic parasite. Veterinary Parasitology , 126.  Fernando Mendez-Hermida, E. A.-M. (2007). Disinfection of drinking water contaminated with Cryptosporidium parvumoocysts under natural sunlight and using the photocatalyst TiO2. ournalof Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology , 88.  Lihua Xiao, R. F. (2004). Cryptosporidium Taxonomy: Recent Advances and Implications for Public Health. Clinical Microbiology Reviews. Rebecca A. Dillingham, A. A. (2002). Cryptosporidiosis: epidemiology and impact. Microbes and Infection, 4.  C.M. Carey, H. L. (2004). Biology, persistence and detection of Cryptosporidium parvum and Cryptosporidium hominisoocyst. Water Research, 38.  Gordon J Leitcha, Q. H. (2011). Cryptosporidiosis-an overview. Biomedical Research, 25.  C. Gorospe : Updates on the Environmental Risks and Control of Cryptosporidiosis . The Internet Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2006 Volume 5 Number 1  RenneckerJL, Marinas RJ, Owens JH, Rice EW. Inactivation of Cryptosporidium parvum oocystswith ozone. Water Res 1999;33(11):2481–8 References

15. Thanks for your attention! Any questions? ? ? ? ?