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Colorado s New Energy Economy Is Base Load an Outdated Concept

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Colorado s New Energy Economy Is Base Load an Outdated Concept

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    2. Base load: The minimum amount of electric power delivered or required over a given period of time at a steady rate. Base load capacity: The generating equipment normally operated to serve (customer) loads on an around-the-clock basis. Source: Energy Information Administration

    3. Base load is always going to be base load, but base load capacity may change over time, or may take on different operating characteristics.

    4. Daily load shape is the hour-by-hour graphical representation of the hourly peak customer loads over a 24-hour period.

    5. Example of Peak Season Daily Load Shape

    6. Electric System Operations Similar to air traffic control requires constant attention and operator vigilance Generation must match load Frequency and voltage must be controlled Contingency events must be planned for Standards must be adhered to

    7. Resource Categories Base Load Intermediate Load Peaking Super Peaking Reserves Intermittent

    8. Example of Resource Stacking Peak Season Daily Load Shape

    9. Example of Resource Stacking Shoulder Season Daily Load Shape

    10. Example of Resource Stacking Comparison

    11. Characteristics of Base Load Resources Base load resources are the backbone which support electric system reliability, they have an important common characteristic mass Typically have high capital costs, medium O&M costs, and historically low fuel costs Capable of operating at a specified output level, they cannot be intermittent

    12. Types of Base Load Resources Fossil Fuel Nuclear Hydro Biomass Geothermal

    13. Intermittent Renewable Resources

    14. Integrating Intermittent Renewable Resources

    15. Integrating Higher Levels of Intermittent Resources Sophisticated forecasting tools More resources that can follow more quickly operating in AGC automatic generator control Additional operating reserves Changes in dispatch characteristics of base load capacity

    16. Impacts on Generation Increased unit ramping Increased ramping speeds Increased unit cycling (starts/stops) Reduced unit minimum operating load levels Increased unit maintenance Decreased unit life expectancy

    17. Specific Impacts to Steam Plants Boiler, steam lines, steam turbine and auxiliary components go through unavoidably large thermal and pressure stresses which will result in: Long-term structural damage Decreased unit reliability Increased maintenance costs

    18. Base Load is Still Base Load Base load capacity will need to change to allow increased utilization of intermittent resources Dispatch at lower output levels Increased operating flexibility More frequent maintenance intervals

    19. Electric System Reliability To ensure that the bulk electric system is not compromised some level of conventional base load capacity will be required to absorb the impact of: Transmission line outages Loss of resources Changes in load (Increases/Decreases)

    20. Thank You

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