Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation

1. Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation Galila Zaher MRCPath 2005

2. Definition • “DIC is an acquired syndrome characterized by the intravascular activation of coagulation with loss of localization arising from different causes. • It can originate from and cause damage to the microvasculature, which if sufficiently severe, can produce organ dysfunction.” Scientific Subcommittee on DIC of ISTH, July , 2001

3. Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) • Is not a disease, but a complication of various disorders • Conditions with activation of coagulation factors • DIC should always be considered in critically ill • Secondary fibrinolysis • Platelets Consumption • coagulation factors and inhibitors Consumption. • Thrombin generation • Widespread microvascular thrombosis Thrombin generation, fibrinolysis and inhibition of fibrinolysis  thrombosis and/or bleeding

4. Symptoms And Sings • Microvascular clot formation is the primary event in DIC • Signs of organ dysfunction determine the clinical symptoms • Indistinguishable from SIRS/Sepsis and MODS. • Microclot formation → Organ failure • Lung dysfunction • Acute pulmonary microembolism syndrome • Late pulmonary microembolism syndrome → ARDS , Microatelectasis and capillary leakage • Acute renal failure • Oligouria or anuria • Microscopic or macroscopic hematuria

5. Symptoms And Sings • Cerebral dysfunction :Confusion & Blurring of consciousness • Dermal changes :microthrombosis / bleedings • Focal hemorrhagic necroses : face & peripheral extremities. • Petechiae and/or ecchymoses. • Additional symptoms can result from dysfunction of the liver, endocrine glands and other organs.

6. Severe infections Trauma Organ destruction Malignancy Obstetric complications Vascular abnormalities Severe toxic or immunologic reactions Septicemia: bacterial, viral or fungal infections Fractures : polytrauma, neurotrauma, fat embolism Severe skin and soft tissue trauma Severe burns Major surgical interventions Pancreatitis Acute liver necrosis Heat stroke Metastatic cancer Tumor necrosis Amniotic fluid embolism Placental abruption Preeclampsia and eclampsia Dead fetus syndrome Giant hemangioma Hereditary teleangiectasis Large vascular aneurysms Snake bites Transfusion reactions Transplant reactions Invasive circulatory supportive devices (i.e. mechanical heart) Extracorporal circulation Causes Of DIC

7. Shock Acidosis Hypoxemia Stasis Dehydration Hyperthermia Chronic renal insufficiency Chronic hepatic insufficiency Malnutrition Impaired anti-coagulation activity Impaired fibrinolytic activity Phagocytic dysfunction Factors Accelerating DIC

8. Laboratory Diagnosis

9. Diagnostic Algorithm for Overt DIC • Risk assessment: Does the patient have an underlying disorder known to be associated with overt DIC? If yes: proceed; If no: do not use this algorithm. • Order global coagulation tests (platelet count, PT, fibrinogen, soluble fibrin monomers or fibrin degradation products) • Score global coagulation test results • Calculate score

10. Scoring System For DIC

11. Calculated Score • Patient scores is >5: compatible with overt DIC, (decompensated hemostasis) repeat scoring daily • Patient scores is <5: suggestive (not affirmative) for non-overt DIC, repeat next 1-2 days Taylor, Thromb Haemostas 2001;86:1327-1330

12. Algorithm for Diagnostic Sequence for Determining Non-overt DICK Non-overt DIC

13. General Treatment • Treatment of underlying disorder • Antibiotic treatment of infections • Surgical debridement and drainage of infected foci • Immobilization of fractures • Evacuation of uterus in obstetric DIC

14. Supportive Treatment • Supportive treatment of MODS • Shock : fluids, catecholamines • Hypoxemia : oxygen, mechanical ventilation • Renal failure : diuretics, renal replacement therapy • Severe anemia : blood transfusion

15. Hemostatic Therapy • Antithrombotic treatment • AT concentrate. • Concurrent treatment with heparin should be avoided, heparin worsens thrombocytopenia • Fresh frozen plasma (FFP) When bleeding; administer after antithrombin • Platelets : severe thrombocytopenia + bleeding • Antifibrinolytic treatment Should be avoided

16. ATenative • A quality antithrombin (AT)concentrate • Loading dose for adult (70 kg) patient 2 x 1500 IU vials • Follow up treatment based on measured AT levels • Free from denatured AT (Hellstern et al, 1995) • Two specific viral inactivation steps (SD + pasteurization) • When treating DIC with AT ,heparin should be avoided due to high risk of bleeding comlications Hoffmann et al, 2002

17. Biologic Markers in Measuring Non-overt DIC • AT and TAT complexes (↑ procoagulation) • E-selection and thrombomodulin (endothelial perturbation) • FSPs or D-dimers (fibrinolysis) • IL-6, TNF-α, IL-Iβ (cytokine and receptor upregulation)

18. Sepsis Pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 TNF-α Depression of fibrinolysis due to high levels of PAI-1. TF- activation of coagulation Inhibition of physiological anticoagulant pathways Enhanced fibrin formation Impaired fibrin removal Microvascular thrombosis

19. Practice Points • DIC is not a disease entity on itself but is always associated to an underlying disease. • There is no single laboratory test with adequate accuracy to establish the presence or absence of DIC. • Most laboratory tests for DIC have a relatively high sensitivity but a low specificity • A combination of tests may guide the clinician towards a confirmation or rejection of a diagnosis of DIC, for example following the recently established guidelines of the International Society of Thrombosis and Hemostasis.

20. Inflammation causing loss of homeostasis of the RES/MV organ. Significant injury of the endothelium occurring as a result of candidate injury states has the potential for causing significant perturbation of the RES/MV organ in an activation sequence, summarized here. The left side indicates the anatomic site for the on-going acceleration of the inflammatory and hemostatic processes indicated in the flow diagram, an implies a semblance of the sequence itself. In many, if not most, instances, however, these events are occurring in parallel. Indeed, in the case of acceleration to overt DIC, these processes are not only occurring in parallel, but in fact are being recapitulated at diffuse and distal anatomic sites throughout the body. Specific steps of this activation process are discussed in the text. For example, bacterial lipopolysaccharide, vascular injury (e.g. abruptio placenta), etc. PAI-I plasminogen activator.

21. Scoring system for DIC

22. DIC Subcommittee of the ISTH Dr Galila Zaher Consultant Haematologist MRCPath

23. Normal Homeostasis • Homeostasis: cellular (vascular, MMS) and chemical elements( coagulation factors). • Homeostasis are activated by inflammation . • Vascular injury homeostasis is temporarily lost. • In extreme injury the RES capacity to restore homeostasis is compromised. • Overt DIC is the outcome .

25. Inflammatory cells IL-B TNF TPI TF-VIIa TM-IIa IIIIa PCAPC Fibrinogen Fibrin Va,VIIIaVi,VIIIi Fibrinolysis

26. Clinical conditions associated with DIC • Sepsis/severe infection . • Trauma . • Organ destruction . • Malignance. • Obstetrical calamities. • Vascular abnormalities. • Server hepatic failure. • Severe immunologic reactions. • Recreational drugs • Transplant rejection

27. DIC An acquired syndrome characterized by: • The intravascular activation of coagulation. • Activated platelets (PL) for thrombin formation • Consumption of pro-coagulant factors& natural anticoagulant. • Widespread fibrin deposition . • Impaired fibrinolysis (PAI-1). • Micro vascular occlusion.

28. DIC • Pro-inflammatory & pro-hemostatic. • Non-overt DIC. • Overt DIC. • Multiple organ dysfunction . • Decreased survival potential ISTH SSC

30. Non-overt DIC • The injury not localized but self-limited no exhaustion of compensatory mechanisms. • Cellular, hormonal and enzymatic responses to the injury are operating sufficiently. • Haemostatic system is stressed but compensated.

31. Reasons for such a distinction: • Earlier diagnosis. • Earlier management. • Assess natural history . • Management triggering (antibiotics ,APC ) • Assess treatment response (APC).

32. DIAGNOSIS OF DIC • No single test with accuracy to establish the +/- of DIC. • Most lab tests high sens but low sp. • Battery of tests . • Serial testing. • Inevitable delay.

33. Diagnostic scoring criteria for DIC General criteria: • Platelets count <100. • PT prolongation >3s. • FDPs raised. Specific criteria: Anti-thrombin. Protein C. TAT complex. If >5 compatible with overt DIC ,if <5reapet scoring daily :suggestive of non overt DIC.

34. BIOLOGIC MARKERS TO MEASURE NON-OVERT DIC • Platelet activation. • Endothelial cell perturbation, E-selectin &TM • Pro-coagulant activation/inhibition AT & TAT • Initiation of fibrinolysis FDPs & D-dimers. • Cytokine and receptor: IL-I IL-6, TNF-. • APC (T-TM).

35. The gold standard • Single. • Sensitive . • Specific. • Simple. • Rapid for non-overt DIC.

36. Transmittance Waveform (TW) • Charting optical changes in light transmittance over the duration of clot formation. • The waveform shows an abrupt and rapid decrease in light transmission after the initiation of Ca2+. • The normal TW is a sigmoid shaped. • Classify and quantify specific factor deficiencies, presence of heparin . ( Downey et al).

37. Transmittance Waveform in DIC • Atypical TW APTT; biphasic waveform (BPW) • Gradual decrease in light transmission after the addition of Ca2+. • Early, before conventional biochemical markers . • Serially determined of the BPW predict outcome . • Downey concluded that the BTW provides, a simple, rapid and robust measurement, appropriate clinical interventions.

38. APTT BPW Not influenced by analytical variables: • Time from venepuncture • Freeze-thawing . • Platelet count . • APTT reagent . • Not associated with medication or plasma expanders.

39. BPW & DIC • Diagnosis . • The BTW preceded other laboratory tests (18 h). • Monitor progression from non-overt to overt DIC. • Monitoring the early response to therapy .

40. Transmittance Waveform in Non-overt DIC • Assessing prognosis: MR 44% Vs 26%.. • Sensitivity 97.6% • Specificity 98%. Only detected in DIC. • PPV 74% . • Direct relationship between the steepness & severity of haemostatic dysfunction, and clinical progression.

41. The BTW • Gradual decrease in light transmission after the addition of Ca2+. • BTW is due to the rapid formation of a precipitate and change in turbidity in re-calcified plasma. • The precipitate contained (VLDL) plus (CRP). • The Ca2+-dependent formation of a complex between CRP and VLDL accounts for the BTW.

42. New Modalities In DIC • APC concentrate . • Heparin. • Anti-thrombin concentrates . • TFPI. • rNAPc2. • rIL-10 .

43. APC concentrate • Endotoxemia(T-TM). • Depression of PC system . • Enhance the pro-coagulant state. • In sepsis reduce MR . • 24 g/kg/h for 96 h. • The first intervention shown to be effective in reducing mortality in sepsis.

44. Anti-thrombin concentrates • AT markedly reduced in sepsis. • Consumption, degradation , and impaired synthesis. • Low levels in sepsis increased mortality. • II/III clinical studies . • Doses  supra-physiological plasma levels • No significant reduction in MR in sepsis.

45. rNAPc2:Inhibitor of the ternary complex (TF- VIIa and activated factor X). • Derived from nematode anticoagulant proteins. • rIL-10 : abrogate the endotoxin-induced affects on coagulation

46. Heparin: • Experimental studies : partly inhibit the activation of coagulation in sepsis and other causes of DIC. • Outcome events never been demonstrated in controlled clinical trials. • rTFPI : • Block endotoxin-induced thrombin generation with promising results. • Sepsis : modestly reduced, or even increased, concentrations of TFPI.

47. Concluding remarks • No single test with accuracy to establish the +/- of DIC. • Diagnostic scoring criteria for . • Downey concluded that the BTW provides, a simple, rapid and robust measurement, appropriate clinical interventions. • Not influenced by analytical variables: • APC conc The first intervention shown to be effective in reducing mortality in sepsis.

48. Thanks

49. Sepsis( lipopolysaccharide) Mononuclear cells Direct endothelial injury IL1β ,TNF& E-selection Activation of coagulation

50. FDPs depend on fibrin generation and clearance. • High predictive value of PAI-1 multi-organ failure . • A high level of soluble fibrin is an early indicator. • D-dimer an indicator of fibrin formation.